請用此 Handle URI 來引用此文件:
http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/48365
完整後設資料紀錄
DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
---|---|---|
dc.contributor.advisor | 楊哲人 | |
dc.contributor.author | Hung-Wei Yen | en |
dc.contributor.author | 顏鴻威 | zh_TW |
dc.date.accessioned | 2021-06-15T06:54:02Z | - |
dc.date.available | 2014-02-20 | |
dc.date.copyright | 2011-02-20 | |
dc.date.issued | 2011 | |
dc.date.submitted | 2011-02-11 | |
dc.identifier.citation | [1] F. B. Pickering: Physical Metallurgy and the Design of Steels. (Applied Science Publishers LTD, London, 1978).
[2] T. Shimizu, Y. Funakawa, S. Kaneko: JFE Technical Report, Vol. 4, p. 25 (2004). [3] C. Y. Huang, H. W. Yen, Y. T. Pan, J. R. Yang: 礦冶, Vol. 53, p. (2009). [4] R. W. K. Honeycombe: Metallurgical Transactions a-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, Vol. 7, p. 915 (1976). [5] Y. Funakawa, T. Shiozaki, K. Tomita, T. Yamamoto, E. Maeda: Isij International, Vol. 44, p. 1945 (2004). [6] Y. Funakawa, K. Seto: Tetsu to Hagane-Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, Vol. 93, p. 49 (2007). [7] G. Krauss: Steels Heat Treatment and Processing Principles. (ASM, 1980). [8] R. K. W. Honeycombe, H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia: Steels: Microstructure and Properties, 3rd. (Elsevier Ltd. International, 2006). [9] C. A. Dubѐ: PhD Thesis. (Carnegie Institute of Technology, 1948). [10] H. I. Aaronson. (Institute of Metals, London, 1955). [11] T. B. Massalski, W. A. Soffa, D. E. Laughlin: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions a-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, Vol. 37A, p. 825 (2006). [12] C. A. Dubé, H. I. Aaronson, R. F. MEHL: Rev. Métall, Vol. 55, p. 201 (1958). [13] W. T. Reynolds, H. I. Aaronson, G. Spanos: Materials Transactions Jim, Vol. 32, p. 737 (1991). [14] H. I. Aaronson, W. T. Reynolds, G. J. Shiflet, G. Spanos: Metallurgical Transactions a-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, Vol. 21, p. 1343 (1990). [15] H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia: Bainite in Steels. (The Institute of Materials, London, 1992). [16] D. P. Dunne: Materials Forum, Vol. 23, p. 63 (1999). [17] “Doc. 835-85” (International Institute of Welding, 1986). [18] U. Dahmen: Scripta Metallurgica, Vol. 15, p. 73 (1981). [19] U. Dahmen: Scripta Metallurgica, Vol. 15, p. 465 (1981). [20] U. Dahmen: Acta Metallurgica, Vol. 30, p. 63 (1982). [21] W. Z. Zhang, G. C. Weatherly: Progress in Materials Science, Vol. 50, p. 181 (2005). [22] C. S. Smith: Transactions of the American Society for Metals, Vol. 45, p. 533 (1953). [23] G. Kurdjumov, G. Sachs: Z. Phys., Vol. 64, p. 325 (1930). [24] Z. Nishiyama: Sci. Rep. Res. Insts.Tohoku Univ., Vol. 23, p. 638 (1934). [25] G. Wassermann: Arch. Eisenhutt Wes., Vol. 16, p. 647 (1933). [26] H. I. Aaronson. (Interscience Publishers, New York, 1962). [27] H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia: Progress in Materials Science, Vol. 29, p. 321 (1985). [28] G. J. Jones, R. Trivedi: Journal of Metals, Vol. 20, p. A120 (1968). [29] G. J. Jones, R. Trivedi: Journal of Crystal Growth, Vol. 29, p. 155 (1975). [30] G. J. Jones, R. K. Trivedi: Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 42, p. 4299 (1971). [31] C. Atkinson: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series a-Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 378, p. 351 (1981). [32] C. Atkinson: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series a-Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 384, p. 107 (1982). [33] M. Enomoto: Acta Metallurgica, Vol. 35, p. 947 (Apr, 1987). [34] M. Mannerkoski: Acta Polytech. Scand., Vol. 26, p. 7 (1964). [35] K. Relander: Acta. Polytech. Scand., Vol. 34, p. 7 (1964). [36] D. V. Edmonds, R. W. K. Honeycombe: paper presented at the Precipitation Process in Solids, New York, 1976. [37] T. Gladman: The physical metallurgy of microalloyed steels. (Institute of Materials, London, 1997). [38] A. Guinier: Nature, Vol. 142, p. 569 (1938). [39] G. D. Preston: Nature, Vol. 142, p. 570 (1938). [40] M. Perez, E. Courtois, D. Acevedo, T. Epicier, P. Maugis: Philosophical Magazine Letters, Vol. 87, p. 645 (2007). [41] P. R. Howell: Materials Characterization, Vol. 40, p. 227 (1998). [42] G. V. Smith, R. F. Mehl: Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, Vol. 150, p. 211 (1942). [43] I. V. Isaichev: Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, Vol. 17, p. 835 (1947). [44] W. Pitsch: Acta Metallurgica, Vol. 10, p. 79 (1962). [45] Y. A. Bagaryatsky: Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Vol. 73, p. 1161 (1950). [46] Y. Ohmori, Davenpor.At, Honeycom.Rw: Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, Vol. 12, p. 128 (1972). [47] Y. Ohmori: Isij International, Vol. 41, p. 554 (2001). [48] R. F. Mehl, W. C. Hagel: Progress in Metal Physics, Vol. 6, p. 74 (1956). [49] W. H. Brandt: Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 16, p. 139 (1945). [50] A. Hultgren: Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, Vol. 39, p. 915 (1947). [51] J. Fridberg, M. Hillert: Acta Metallurgica, Vol. 18, p. 1253 (1970). [52] M. Hillert: paper presented at the Proceedings of an International Conference on Solid to Solid Phase Transformations, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 1982. [53] D. V. Edmonds: Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, Vol. 210, p. 363 (1972). [54] R. K. W. Honeycombe: Structure and Strength of Alloy Steels. (Climax Molybdenum Company, London, 1975). [55] A. Barbacki, R. W. K. Honeycombe: Metallography, Vol. 9, p. 277 (1976). [56] R. M. Smith, D. P. Dunne: Materials Forum, Vol. 11, p. 166 (1988). [57] R. A. Ricks, P. R. Howell: Metal Science, Vol. 16, p. 317 (1982). [58] R. A. Ricks, P. R. Howell: Acta Metallurgica, Vol. 31, p. 853 (1983). [59] W. Roberts, A. Sandberge, T. Siwecki: in Vanitec Seminar on Vanadium Steels. (Krakow, 1980), p. D1. [60] J. A. Todd, Y. J. Su: Metallurgical Transactions a-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, Vol. 20, p. 1647 (1989). [61] J. A. Todd, P. Li, S. M. Copley: Metallurgical Transactions a-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, Vol. 19, p. 2133 (1988). [62] P. Li, J. A. Todd: Metallurgical Transactions a-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, Vol. 19, p. 2139 (1988). [63] W. J. Liu: Metallurgical Transactions a-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, Vol. 24, p. 2195 (1993). [64] R. Lagneborg, S. Zajac: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions a-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, Vol. 32, p. 39 (2001). [65] S. Zajac: Microalloying for New Steel Processes and Applications, Vol. 500-501, p. 75 (2005). [66] A. D. Batte, Honeycom.Rw: Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, Vol. 211, p. 284 (1973). [67] A. D. Batte, M. C. Murphy: Archiv Fur Das Eisenhuttenwesen, Vol. 44, p. 219 (1973). [68] J. McCann, K. A. Ridal: Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, Vol. 202, p. 441 (1964). [69] M. Tanino, H. G. Suzuki, K. Aoki: Transactions of the Japan Institute of Metals, Vol. S 9, p. 393 (1968). [70] D. V. Edmonds: Metallurgical Transactions, Vol. 4, p. 2527 (1973). [71] N. K. Balliger, R. W. K. Honeycombe: Metal Science, Vol. 14, p. 121 (1980). [72] N. K. Balliger, R. W. K. Honeycombe: Metallurgical Transactions a-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, Vol. 11, p. 421 (1980). [73] J. M. Gray, R. B. G. Yeo: Asm Transactions Quarterly, Vol. 61, p. 255 (1968). [74] J. W. Spretnak, J. M. Gray, R. B. G. Yeo: Asm Transactions Quarterly, Vol. 61, p. 851 (1968). [75] M. Tanino, K. Aoki: Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, Vol. 8, p. 337 (1968). [76] T. Sakuma, R. W. K. Honeycombe: Metal Science, Vol. 18, p. 449 (1984). [77] T. Sakuma, R. W. K. Honeycombe: Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 1, p. 351 (1985). [78] F. G. Berry, Honeycom.Rw: Metallurgical Transactions, Vol. 1, p. 3279 (1970). [79] D. V. Edmonds, Honeycom.Rw: Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, Vol. 211, p. 209 (1973). [80] J. V. Bee, D. V. Edmonds: Metallography, Vol. 12, p. 3 (1979). [81] P. D. Southwick, R. W. K. Honeycombe: Metal Science, Vol. 14, p. 253 (1980). [82] S. Freeman, R. K. W. Honeycombe: Metal Science, Vol., p. 59 (1977). [83] D. P. Dunne, B. Feng, T. Chandra: Isij International, Vol. 31, p. 1354 (1991). [84] S. Shanmugam, M. Tanniru, R. D. K. Misra, D. Panda, S. Jansto: Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 21, p. 165 (2005). [85] S. Shanmugam, M. Tanniru, R. D. K. Misra, D. Panda, S. Jansto: Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 21, p. 883 (2005). [86] T. Takayama et al.: Tetsu to Hagane-Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, Vol. 82, p. 147 (1996). [87] S. S. Campos, E. V. Morales, H. J. Kestenbach: Thermec'2003, Pts 1-5, Vol. 426-4, p. 1517 (2003). [88] S. S. Campos, E. V. Morales, H. J. Kestenbach: Materials Characterization, Vol. 52, p. 379 (2004). [89] H. J. Kestenbach, S. S. Campos, E. V. Morales: Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 22, p. 615 (2006). [90] E. V. Morales, J. Gallego, H. J. Kestenbach: Philosophical Magazine Letters, Vol. 83, p. 79 (2003). [91] R. Lagneborg, T. Siwecki, S. Zajac, B. Hutchinson: Scandinavian Journal of Metallurgy, Vol. 28, p. 186 (1999). [92] H. Najafi, J. Rassizadehghani, S. Asgari: Materials Science and Engineering a-Structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing, Vol. 486, p. 1 (Jun, 2008). [93] H. Bhadeshia: Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 26, p. 379 (Apr, 2010). [94] K. Narita: Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, Vol. 15, p. 145 (1975). [95] S. Matsuda, N. Okumura: Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, Vol. 18, p. 198 (1978). [96] K. J. Irvine, Pickerin.Fb, T. Gladman: Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, Vol. 205, p. 161 (1967). [97] T. Mori, K. Fuzita, K. Yamaguchi: Tetsu to Hagane-Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, Vol. 50, p. 911 (1964). [98] R. P. Smith: Transactions of the Metallurgical Society of Aime, Vol. 224, p. 190 (1962). [99] W. Nordberg, B. Aronsson: The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, Vol. 206, p. 1263 (1968). [100] M. G. Frohberg, H. Graf: Stahl and Eisen, Vol. 80, p. 539 (1960). [101] W. Roberts, A. Sanderg: “Report I. M. 1489” (Swedish Institute fro metals Research, 1985). [102] K. Bungardt, K. Kind, W. Oelsen: Archiv. f.d. Eisenbuttenwes, Vol. 27, p. 6 (1956). [103] H. Sekine, T. Inoue, Ogasawar.M: Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, Vol. 8, p. 101 (1968). [104] R. G. Baker, J. Nutting: “Precipitation Processes in Steels, Special Report 64” (1959). [105] W. Pitsch, A. Schrader: Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 30, p. 2031 (1959). [106] D. J. Dyson, S. R. Keown, D. Raynor, J. A. Whiteman: Acta Metallurgica, Vol. 14, p. 867 (1966). [107] D. V. Shtansky, K. Nakai, Y. Ohmori: Acta Materialia, Vol. 48, p. 969 (2000). [108] P. R. Howell, J. V. Bee, R. W. K. Honeycombe: Metallurgical Transactions a-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, Vol. 10, p. 1213 (1979). [109] K. H. Kuo, C. L. Jia: Acta Metallurgica, Vol. 33, p. 991 (1985). [110] S. Nagakura, S. Oketani: Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, Vol. 8, p. 265 (1968). [111] K. A. Taylor: Scripta Metallurgica Et Materialia, Vol. 32, p. 7 (1995). [112] R. C. Hudd, A. Jones, M. N. Kale: Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, Vol. 209, p. 121 (1971). [113] H. I. Aaronson: Steel Strengthening Mechanisms. (Climax Molybdenum Co., Michigan, 1968). [114] H. L. Shick: Thermodynamics of Certain Refractory Compounds. (Academic Press, New York, 1966). [115] N. J. Petch: Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute, Vol. 174, p. 25 (1953). [116] S. Takaki, K. Kawasaki, Y. Kimura: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 117, p. 359 (2001). [117] D. K. Felbeck, A. G. Atkins: Strength and fracture of engineering solids. (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1984). [118] A. H. Cottrel: Dislocation and Plastic Flow in Crystals. (Oxford University Press, London, 1953). [119] Z. L. Guo, W. Sha: Materials Transactions, Vol. 43, p. 1273 (2002). [120] A. Wilm: in Precipitation Hardening, J. W. Martin, Ed. (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1968), p. 196. [121] N. F. Mott, F. R. N. Nabarro: in Precipitation Hardening, J. W. Martin, Ed. (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1968), p. 201. [122] E. Orowan: in Precipitation Hardening, J. W. Martin, Ed. (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1968), p. 208. [123] A. Kelly, R. B. Nicholoson: in Precipitation Hardening, J. W. Martin, Ed. (Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1968), p. 208. [124] L. B. Brown, R. K. Ham: in Strengthening Methods in Crystals, A. Kelly, R. B. Nicholoson, Eds. (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1971), p. [125] A. J. Ardell: Metallurgical Transactions a-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, Vol. 16, p. 2131 (1985). [126] H. R. Shercliff, M. F. Ashby: Acta Metallurgica Et Materialia, Vol. 38, p. 1789 (1990). [127] H. R. Shercliff, M. F. Ashby: Acta Metallurgica Et Materialia, Vol. 38, p. 1803 (1990). [128] J. W. Martin: in Precipitation Hardening, J. W. Martin, Ed. (Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1998), p. 58. [129] J. W. Martin, R. D. Doherty, B. Cantor: Stability of Microstructure in Metallic Systems. (University Press, Cambridge, ed. 2nd, 1997). [130] D. H. Bratland, O. Grong, H. Shercliff, O. R. Myhr, S. Tjotta: Acta Materialia, Vol. 45, p. 1 (1997). [131] M. F. Ashby: Oxide Dispersion Strengthening. (Gordon and Breach, New York, 1958). [132] F. R. N. Nabarro, D. B. Holt, Z. S. Basinski: Advances in Physics, Vol. 13, p. 193 (1964). [133] Rosenber.Jm, H. R. Piehler: Metallurgical Transactions, Vol. 2, p. 257 (1971). [134] J. W. Martin: in Precipitation Hardening, J. W. Martin, Ed. (Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 1998), p. 79-105. [135] A. Melander, P. A. Persson: Acta Metallurgica, Vol. 26, p. 267 (1978). [136] K. C. Russell, L. M. Brown: Acta Metallurgica, Vol. 20, p. 969 (1972). [137] F. G. Wei, T. Hara, K. Tsuzaki: Philosophical Magazine, Vol. 84, p. 1735 (2004). [138] N. G. Chechenin et al.: Physica Status Solidi a-Applied Research, Vol. 177, p. 117 (2000). [139] F. A. Khalid, D. V. Edmonds: Surface Science, Vol. 266, p. 424 (1992). [140] Z. Guo, C. S. Lee, J. W. Morris: Acta Materialia, Vol. 52, p. 5511 (2004). [141] W. C. Johnson et al.: Metallurgical Transactions, Vol. A 6, p. 911 (1975). [142] T. Fujii, H. Nakazawa, M. Kato, U. Dahmen: Acta Materialia, Vol. 48, p. 1033 (2000). [143] H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia: Worked Examples in the Geometry of Crystals. (Institute of Materials, London, 2001). [144] Z. G. Yang, M. Enomoto: Materials Science and Engineering a-Structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing, Vol. 332, p. 184 (2002). [145] I. B. Timokhina, P. D. Hodgson, S. P. Ringer, R. K. Zheng, E. V. Pereloma: Scripta Materialia, Vol. 56, p. 601 (2007). [146] K. Watanabe, T. Yamazaki, I. Hashimoto, M. Shiojiri: Physical Review B, Vol. 64, p. (2001). [147] R. Mythili, S. Saroja, M. Vijayalakshmi: Transactions of the Indian Institute of Metals, Vol. 62, p. 573 (2009). [148] R. Uemori, R. Chijiiwa, H. Tamehiro, H. Morikawa: Applied Surface Science, Vol. 76, p. 255 (1994). [149] A. Youle, P. J. Turner, B. Ralph: Journal of Microscopy-Oxford, Vol. 101, p. 1 (1974). [150] M. MacKenzie, A. J. Craven, C. L. Collins: Scripta Materialia, Vol. 54, p. 1 (2006). [151] T. Epicier, D. Acevedo, M. Perez: Philosophical Magazine, Vol. 88, p. 31 (2008). [152] P. Warbichler, F. Hofer, P. Hofer, E. Letofsky: Micron, Vol. 29, p. 63 (1998). [153] A. J. Craven, M. MacKenzie, A. Cerezo, T. Godfrey, P. H. Clifton: Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 24, p. 641 (2008). [154] Y. Li et al.: Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 23, p. 509 (2007). [155] J. A. Wilson, A. J. Craven, Y. Li, T. N. Baker: Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 23, p. 519 (2007). [156] L. Reimer: Transmission Electron Microscopy: Physics of Image Formation and Microanalysis. (Springer-Verlag, New York, ed. 4th, 1997). [157] D. B. Williams, C. B. Carter: Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Textbook for Materials Science (Plenum Press, New York and London, 1996). [158] T. Malis, S. C. Cheng, R. F. Egerton: Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique, Vol. 8, p. 193 (1988). [159] R. F. Egerton: Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy in the Electron Microscope. (Plenum Press, New York and London, 1986). [160] H. S. Dumas, L. Dumas, F. Golse: Journal of Statistical Physics, Vol. 82, p. 1385 (1996). [161] H. S. Dumas, L. Dumas, F. Golse: Journal of Statistical Physics, Vol. 87, p. 943 (1997). [162] M. X. Zhang, P. M. Kelly: Acta Materialia, Vol. 46, p. 4081 (Jul, 1998). [163] M. X. Zhang, P. M. Kelly, J. D. Gates: Materials Characterization, Vol. 43, p. 11 (Jul, 1999). [164] M. X. Zhang, P. M. Kelly: Scripta Materialia, Vol. 47, p. 749 (2002). [165] M. X. Zhang, P. M. Kelly: Acta Materialia, Vol. 46, p. 4617 (Aug, 1998). [166] M. X. Zhang, P. M. Kelly: Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 438-440, p. 272 (2006). [167] H. O. Martikainen, M. A. Korhonen, V. K. Lindroos: Physica Status Solidi a-Applied Research, Vol. 75, p. 559 (1983). [168] H. O. Martikainen, M. A. Korhonen, V. K. Lindroos: Physica Status Solidi a-Applied Research, Vol. 76, p. 709 (1983). [169] A. Gemperle, J. Gemperlova: Ultramicroscopy, Vol. 60, p. 207 (Sep, 1995). [170] D. McKIE, C. McKIE: Essenstials of Crystallography. (Blackwell Scientific Publications, London, 1986). [171] P. R. Howell, R. A. Ricks, R. W. K. Honeycombe: Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 15, p. 376 (1980). [172] H. W. Yen, C. Y. Huang, J. R. Yang: Scripta Materialia, Vol. 61, p. 616 (2009). [173] H. W. Yen, C. Y. Chen, T. Y. Wang, C. Y. Huang, J. R. Yang: Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 26, p. 421 (2010). [174] ImageJ: http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/ [175] H.-W. Yen, C.-Y. Huang, J.-R. Yang: Advanced Materials Research, Vol. 89-91, p. 663 (2009). [176] R. Okamoto, A. Borgenstam, J. Agren: Acta Materialia, Vol. 58, p. 4783 (2010). [177] C. Yanar, J. M. K. Wiezorek, V. Radmilovic, W. A. Soffa: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions a-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, Vol. 33, p. 2413 (2002). [178] H. I. Aaronson, M. R. Plichta, G. W. Franti, K. C. Russell: Metallurgical Transactions a-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, Vol. 9, p. 363 (1978). [179] H. Bhadeshia: Physica Status Solidi a-Applied Research, Vol. 69, p. 745 (1982). [180] T. Furuhara, H. I. Aaronson: Scripta Metallurgica, Vol. 22, p. 1635 (1988). [181] H. I. Aaronson, W. T. Reynolds, G. R. Purdy: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions a-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, Vol. 35A, p. 1187 (2004). [182] C. R. Hutchinson, H. S. Zurob, Y. Brechet: Metallurgical and Materials Transactions a-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, Vol. 37A, p. 1711 (2006). [183] H. S. Ubhi, T. N. Baker: Materials Science and Engineering a-Structural Materials Properties Microstructure and Processing, Vol. 111, p. 189 (1989). [184] M. A. Grossmann: Elements of hardenability. (American Society for Metals, Cleveland, 1952). [185] H. J. Kestenbach: Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 13, p. 731 (1997). [186] M. D. C. Sobral, P. R. Mei, H. J. Kestenbach: Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Vol. 10, p. 1235 (Feb, 2010). [187] A. J. E. Foreman, M. J. Makin: Canadian Journal of Physics, Vol. 45, p. 511 (1967). [188] U. F. Kocks: Acta Metallurgica, Vol. 14, p. 1629 (1966). [189] A. D. Batte, R. W. K. Honeycombe: Metal Science Journal, Vol. 7, p. 160 (1973). [190] T. Gladman: Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 15, p. 30 (1999). [191] M. Umemoto, Z. G. Liu, K. Tsuchiya, S. Sugimoto, M. M. A. Bepari: Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 17, p. 505 (2001). [192] J. Pesche, Ed., Nanovetures 2003 Conference, (Dallas TX, 2003). [193] M. Miller: Atom Probe Tomography - Analysis at Atomic Level. (Kluwer Acedamic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 2000). [194] T. F. Kelly, M. K. Miller: Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 78, p. (2007). [195] D. N. Seidman: Annual Review of Materials Research, Vol. 37, p. 127 (2007). [196] H. M. Lee, S. M. Allen, M. Grujicic: Metallurgical Transactions a-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, Vol. 22, p. 2863 (1991). [197] H. M. Lee, S. M. Allen, M. Grujicic: Metallurgical Transactions a-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, Vol. 22, p. 2869 (1991). [198] H. M. Lee, S. M. Allen: Metallurgical Transactions a-Physical Metallurgy and Materials Science, Vol. 22, p. 2877 (Dec, 1991). [199] D. J. Larson, C. M. Teng, P. P. Camus, T. F. Kelly: Applied Surface Science, Vol. 87-8, p. 446 (1995). [200] B. Gault et al.: Microscopy and Microanalysis, Vol. 14, p. 296 (2008). [201] B. P. Geiser, T. F. Kelly, D. J. Larson, J. Schneir, J. P. Roberts: Microscopy and Microanalysis, Vol. 13, p. 437 (2007). [202] L. T. Stephenson, M. P. Moody, P. V. Liddicoat, S. P. Ringer: Microscopy and Microanalysis, Vol. 13, p. 448 (2007). | |
dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/48365 | - |
dc.description.abstract | 汽車工業為減少石油耗損以及二氧化碳排放量,近幾年來已開發諸多先進超強度鋼。JFE公司與中鋼公司相繼開發抗拉強度780MPa等級之高成形性超高強度熱軋鋼板,其高強度之肥粒鐵約有300MPa的強度由奈米尺寸的碳化物所貢獻,這些微細的碳化物成核在沃斯田鐵至肥粒鐵相變態時的移動界面上,此即為著名的界面析出,而此鋼板被認為是界面析出機制在低碳先進高強度鋼的實現。本研究開發穿透式電子顯微鏡技術來分析研究低碳鋼中奈米尺寸界面析出碳化物,目標對界面析出機制提出完備觀點。
本研究首先以高解析電鏡之Moiré條紋來解析碳化物之晶體結構與方位關係,並發現TiC碳化物於755oC持溫成長後將由單一孿向的Baker-Nutting方位關係轉變為多孿向的Nishiyama-Wessermann方位關係。高解析電鏡影像搭配NanoProbe EDS能證明(Ti, Mo)C為一NaCl結構之MX型碳化物,而其中Mo原子之分佈可利用高角度環場暗視野像來呈現。此外,本研究提出hu+kv+lw = 0 之觀測條件於TEM下量測sheet spacing,同時透過電子能量損失能譜來評估試片厚度並計算interparticle spacing,而界面析出碳化物sheet plane之方位則透過菊池繞射圖樣來分析。 運用本研究建構之穿透式電子顯微鏡分析方法,本研究針對不同合金成分之鋼鐵於不同熱處理條件進行實驗與觀察。其中發現界面析出之sheet plane接近肥粒鐵之{ 2 1 1}、{ 2 1 0}以及{ 1 1 1}平面,而TEM的觀察結果提供了證據說明界面析出碳化物的形成與相變態時階梯成長之非整合型界面有關。界面析出之sheet spacing便直接對應階梯的高度,此高度則可運用Bhadeshia所提出的方程式評估,而interparticle spacing較為複雜,必須同時考慮界面移動的速度以及碳化物成核之速率。以上機制已經由不同合金成分以及不同熱處理的實驗中得到證實。 基於建構之界面析出機制,先進超高強度熱軋鋼板已經於實驗室中開發成功,其抗拉強度可超越700MPa而伸長率可達20%以上。運用電子顯微鏡分析鋼板中碳化物之sheet spacing、interparticle spacing以及碳化物尺寸,接著Orowan方程式被進一步用來分析其中之強化機制,奈米碳化物的強度貢獻量可以達到200 MPa。 此外,本研究以三維原子探針斷層掃瞄解析(Ti, V)C碳化物的熱穩定性。其中發現鋼板中的Ti、V、C原子叢聚可分為兩個群組:(1)含2至30個原子之小叢聚以及(2)含31至350個原子之大叢聚。其中小叢聚的形成能夠延滯碳化物合金元素的擴散並進一步抑制碳化物之粗化速率。並意外發現除了碳化物能夠排成界面析出之分佈外,大原子叢聚亦能形成界面析出之帶狀分佈樣貌,因此本研究認為這些原子叢聚為沃斯田鐵相變態為肥粒鐵時即便形成。自1964年界面析出被發現以後,這些新觀點又將為界面析出理論掀開新的一頁。 | zh_TW |
dc.description.abstract | To reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emission in automobiles, the development of advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) has been the bull’s eye in recent years. The ultra high-strength hot-rolled steel strips have been developed with tensile strength of ~780MPa and excellent formability by JFE and China Steel Co. The strong ferrite in the steels has been achieved by nanometer-sized carbides which contribute about 300MPa to the total strength. These tiny carbides nucleate on moving γ/α interface during austenite-to-ferrite transformation. It has been well known as interphase precipitation. This steel strip is considered to be avatar of interphase precipitation in low-carbon steels. For the purpose to explore a complete scope for the mechanism of interphase precipitation, TEM techniques have been developed and discussed to characterize the nanometer-sized interphase-precipitated MX carbides in this study.
This study initially utilized Moiré fringes in high resolution TEM (HRTEM) to characterize the crystal structure and orientation relationship (OR) of nanometer-sized carbide. It was found that TiC carbides in ferrite will transit from single variant of Baker-Nutting OR to multi variants of Nishiyama-Wessermann OR during isothermal holding at 755oC. HRTEM associated with NanoProbe EDS provided the evidence to suggestthat (Ti, Mo)C carbide is a NaCl structured MX-type carbide. The distribution of Mo has been revealed by high angle annular dark field (HAADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). Besides, this study provided the observation condition: hu+kv+lw = 0 to measure the sheet spacing. By estimating the sample thickness from electron energy loss spectrum (ELLS), the interparticle spacing in sheet could be calculated. The orientation of sheet plane has been identified by analyzing the convergent beam Kikuchi diffraction patterns. Using the developed TEM techniques, experiments and investigations were conducted in steels with different chemical compositions under different heat treated conditions. The planar sheets of carbides have been analyzed and found to be oriented close to ferrite planes {211}, {210} and {111}; transmission electron microscopy results provide strong evidence to suggest that the development of interphase-precipitated carbides can be associated with the growth of incoherent ferrite/austenite interface by the ledge mechanism. The sheet spacing corresponding to the ledge height can be predicted by Bhadeshia’s formula. And the variation of interparticle spacing in sheet is related to both the moving speed of ledges and carbide nucleation rate. Based on the new mechanism of interphase precipitation, the ultra high-strength hot-rolled steel strips have been developed in lab-level. The tensile strength of the strips can exceed 700 MPa and the total elongation can be over 20%. With measured microstructural parameters from TEM, an anisotropy-related Orowan equation was applied to estimate contribution of nanometer-sized carbides to the yield strength; the value is higher than 200 MPa. Furthermore, atom probe tomography (APT) has been used to study the thermal stability of interphase-precipitated (Ti, V)C complex carbides in atomic scale. It is found that the clusters of Ti, V and C can be classified into two groups: (1) tiny clusters with 2 to 30 atoms and (2) coarse clusters with 31 to 350 atoms. It is proposed that the tiny clusters with 2 to 30 atoms in the ferritic matrix retards the diffusion rates of carbide forming elements so that the coarsening rate of carbides could be suppressed. Besides, the density of coarse clusters with above 30 atoms is higher than the density of carbides estimated from TEM by one order. The distribution of clusters is also sheeted distribution and it seems that the clustering occurs during austenite-to-ferrite phase transformation. Since the discovery of interphase precipitation in 1964, the results of this work bring about a whole new perspective to the theory of interphase precipitation. | en |
dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-15T06:54:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ntu-100-F95527003-1.pdf: 28179012 bytes, checksum: e5ef9cd4bb293764ad664721e9f1aa21 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 | en |
dc.description.tableofcontents | 誌謝……………. iii
論文摘要……… v Abstract……… vii Figure Content xv Table Content xxviii Chapter 1 General Introduction - 1 - Chapter 2 Literature Review - 4 - 2.1 Formation of Ferrite by Diffusional Transformation - 4 - 2.1.1 Introduction - 4 - 2.1.2 Classification of Diffusional Ferrite by Microstructure - 4 - 2.1.3 The Crystallography of Allotriomorphic Ferrite - 6 - 2.1.4 The Kinetics of Austenite to Ferrite Transformation - 8 - 2.2 Interphase Precipitation in Alloyed Steels - 28 - 2.2.1 Introduction - 28 - 2.2.1 Precipitation of Carbides in Steels - 28 - 2.2.2 Interphase Precipitation - 34 - 2.3 Strengthening Mechanisms in Steels - 48 - 2.3.1 Introduction - 48 - 2.3.2 Strengthening Mechanisms - 48 - 2.3.3 Review on Precipitation Hardening - 52 - Chapter 3 Orientation Relationship Transition of Nanometer-Sized Interphase-Precipitated TiC Carbides in a Ti-Bearing Steel - 61 - 3.1 Introduction - 61 - 3.2 Experimental Procedure - 63 - 3.3 Experimental Result - 65 - 3.3.1 Macroscopic structure in the matrix - 65 - 3.3.2 Distribution and orientation relationship of TiC carbides - 65 - 3.3.3 Morphology of titanium carbides observed by HRTEM - 66 - 3.4 Discussion - 72 - 3.4.1 Interconnection between B-N and N-W orientation relationships - 72 - 3.4.2 Identify orientation relationship by moiré fringe - 73 - 3.4.3 Interconnection between B-N OR and N-W OR for titanium carbides with ferrite matrix - 76 - 3.5 Conclusion - 85 - Chapter 4 Characterisation of Interphase-Precipitated Carbides in a Ti-Mo-Bearing Steel - 86 - 4.1 Introduction - 86 - 4.2 Experimental Procedure - 87 - 4.3 Experimental Result - 89 - 4.3.1 Macroscopic Structure in the Ferrite - 89 - 4.3.2 TEM Micrograph and Electron Diffraction Pattern of Carbides - 89 - 4.3.3 HRTEM Image of Carbide - 90 - 4.3.4 The Chemical Composition of Carbides - 91 - 4.4 Discussion - 97 - 4.4.1 Coordinate Transformation Matrix for B-N OR - 97 - 4.4.2 Possibility to be M2C carbides - 98 - 4.5 Conclusion - 100 - Chapter 5 TEM Techniques for Characterizing Features of Interphase-Precipitated Carbides - 101 - 5.1 Introduction - 101 - 5.2 The Zone Condition and Measurement of Sheet Spacing - 102 - 5.2.1 The Observation Zone Axes - 102 - 5.2.2 Measurement of the Sheet Spacing - 104 - 5.3 Estimation of Interparticle Spacing by Log-Ratio Method in EELS - 110 - 5.3.1 Determination of TEM Foil Thickness - 110 - 5.3.2 Estimation of the Interparticle Spacing - 113 - 5.3.3 Worked Example - 114 - 5.4 Kikuchi Line Pattern Method for Identifying the Interface - 120 - 5.4.1 Kikuchi Line Pattern - 120 - 5.4.2 Worked Example - 121 - 5.5 Conclusion - 128 - Chapter 6 Interphase Precipitation of Nanometer-Sized Carbides in a Titanium-Molybdenum-Bearing Low-Carbon Steel - 129 - 6.1 Introduction - 129 - 6.2 Experimental Procedure - 132 - 6.3 Experimental Result - 135 - 6.3.1 Optical Metallography - 135 - 6.3.2 Distribution of Interphase-Precipitated Nanometer-Sized Carbides - 135 - 6.3.3 HRTEM Image - 138 - 6.3.4 Vickers Hardness - 139 - 6.4 Discussion - 149 - 6.4.1 Interface of α/γ Transformation - 149 - 6.4.2 Mechanism of Interphase Precipitation - 150 - 6.5 Conclusion - 154 - Chapter 7 Effects of Micro-Alloyed Elements on Interphase Precipitation - 155 - 7.1 Introduction - 155 - 7.2 Experimental Procedures - 157 - 7.3 Experimental Results - 160 - 7.3.1 Macrostructure Investigated by Optical Micrographs - 160 - 7.3.2 Transformation Rate Measured by Dilatometer - 161 - 7.3.3 Carbide Distribution Investigated by TEM - 161 - 7.3.4 HRTEM Image of Nanometer-Sized Carbides - 162 - 7.4 Discussion - 187 - 7.4.1 The effects of Mn on Interphase Precipitation - 187 - 7.4.2 The effects of Si on Interphase Precipitation - 189 - 7.4.3 The effects of Ti-Mo and Ti-V complex alloying on Interphase Precipitation - 190 - 7.5 Conclusion - 198 - Chapter 8 Quantification of Strengthening Effect for Nanometer-Sized Interphase-Precipitated Carbides in Low-Carbon Steels - 200 - 8.1 Introduction - 200 - 8.2 Derivation of Orowan Equation for Interphase Precipitation - 202 - 8.3 Experimental Procedures - 206 - 8.4 Experimental Results - 209 - 8.4.1 Vickers hardness of isothermal heat treated steels - 209 - 8.4.2 Microstructure in hot-rolled steel strips - 209 - 8.4.3 Mechanical Properties of hot-rolled steel strips - 210 - 8.5 Discussion - 218 - 8.5.1 Strengthening mechanisms in low-carbon steels - 218 - 8.5.2 Strengthen Mechanisms in Hot-Rolled Strips - 219 - 8.5.3 Strengthening Mechanisms in Isothermally Heat Treated Steels - 220 - 8.5.4 Correlations between Vickers Hardness and Yield Stress - 220 - 8.6 Conclusion - 226 - Chapter 9 3D Atom Probe Characterizations on Interphase Clustering - 227 - 9.1 Introduction - 227 - 9.2 Experimental Procedure - 231 - 9.3 Experimental Results - 233 - 9.3.1 Macrostructure and Vickers Hardness - 233 - 9.3.2 Atom Probe Tomography - 233 - 9.3.3 Complementary Characterization by TEM - 234 - 9.4 Discussion - 242 - 9.4.1 Carbide and Cluster Density - 242 - 9.4.2 Formation of Array-liked Distribution by Interphase Clustering - 243 - 9.4.3 Clustering of Solute Atoms - 243 - 9.5 Conclusion - 251 - Chapter 10 General Conclusion - 252 - Reference…………. - 256 - | |
dc.language.iso | en | |
dc.title | 先進超高強度鋼奈米碳化物界面析出之穿透式電子顯微鏡分析研究 | zh_TW |
dc.title | TEM Investigation on the Interphase Precipitation of Nanometer-sized Carbides in Advanced Ultra High-Strength Steels | en |
dc.type | Thesis | |
dc.date.schoolyear | 99-1 | |
dc.description.degree | 博士 | |
dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 王錫欽,侯春看,葉均蔚,朝春光,王星豪,林新智,黃慶淵 | |
dc.subject.keyword | 先進超高強度鋼,奈米碳化物,界面析出物,穿透式電子顯微鏡,三維原子針尖斷層掃瞄, | zh_TW |
dc.subject.keyword | advanced ultra high-strength steel,nanometer-sized carbide,interphase precipitation,transmission electron microscopy,3D atom probe tomography, | en |
dc.relation.page | 264 | |
dc.rights.note | 有償授權 | |
dc.date.accepted | 2011-02-11 | |
dc.contributor.author-college | 工學院 | zh_TW |
dc.contributor.author-dept | 材料科學與工程學研究所 | zh_TW |
顯示於系所單位: | 材料科學與工程學系 |
文件中的檔案:
檔案 | 大小 | 格式 | |
---|---|---|---|
ntu-100-1.pdf 目前未授權公開取用 | 27.52 MB | Adobe PDF |
系統中的文件,除了特別指名其著作權條款之外,均受到著作權保護,並且保留所有的權利。