防制海盜行為之國際合作與實踐－比較分析麻六甲海峽與索馬利亞沿岸

Abstract

海盜行為自古羅馬時期以來，被視為「人類的公敵」。即便在21世紀的今日，當代海盜行為仍被航海人員視為不可小覷的潛在威脅。根據國際海事局的統計報告顯示，海盜行為與船舶武裝劫掠的現象自公元2000年以來有逐漸復甦的趨勢。麻六甲海峽在2000年發生75件海盜攻擊紀錄，是近十年來最高的一年。馬來西亞、新加坡與印尼這三個海峽沿岸國家，注意到此等犯罪行為的惡化，將會威脅到這條重要國際海上航道的正常運作。美國與日本，這兩個重要的海事大國也同樣關注到海盜行為猖獗的現象，因此，引發他們介入海峽航行安全事務的興趣。然而，海事大國希望將「海峽國際化」的企圖，卻引發了沿岸國家對國家主權與領土完整性的敏感神經。 惡名昭彰的海盜行為不僅只發生於東南亞地區，在東非沿岸海域也正在快速興起，特別是在非洲之角的周邊和索馬利亞沿岸海域。2010年，國際海事組織出版了2009年海盜行為與船舶武裝劫掠保告書，指出該年度發生在東非地區確實或嘗試攻擊的海盜事件為222起，佔世界海盜攻擊總數406件的55%。這些海盜多源自索馬利亞，這個充滿絕望氣氛的國家，自1991年M. Siad Barre政權遭叛軍推翻瓦解後，索馬利亞境內就淪為氏族軍閥、分離份子與伊斯蘭武裝份子對峙與內戰衝突的場域。缺乏能力的政府對海盜行為實在鞭長莫及。因此，聯合國安全理事會自2008年開始做出一系列決議案，授權有能力的會員國可以與索馬利亞過渡聯邦政府進行合作，進入索馬利亞領海打擊海盜行為，這些決議案包括第1816、1846、1897與1950。 本文的主要目的在於分析麻六甲海峽與索馬利亞沿岸，對防制海盜行為部分的差異性。本文的研究問題在於理解沿岸國家與海事大國，各自在反制海盜行為的角色，企圖找出改善麻六甲海峽與索馬利亞沿岸海域的關鍵變項。最後，從個案之間分析可能的解決方案與經驗，幫助我們對防制海盜行為能有更為清晰的輪廓。

Piracy is traditionally regarded as hostis humani generis, the enemy of the human race since the ancient Rome Empire. Even though in the 21st century, contemporary maritime piracy is still a neglectable potential threat to seafarers over the world. According to the International Maritime Bureau, their statistics showed a reviving phenomenon on piracy and armed robbery against ships since 2000. In 2000, the reported piracy attacked incidents in Straits of Malacca are 75, the highest rate over the recent decade. Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia, the three littoral states of the Straits of Malacca noticed this deteriorated criminality, which will apparently threat this major international sea lane’s circulation. United States and Japan, the crucial maritime powers also bewared the circumstance, which caused their interests to intervene over the strait’s shipping security. Consequently, Maritime powers wanted to internationalize the straits of Malacca, which provoked the littoral states’ sensitive nerves in sovereign rights and territorial integrity. Notorious piracy acts are not only located in Southeast Asia, but also boomed in the coast of East Africa, especially the seas over Horn of Africa and Somali coast. In 2010, International Maritime Organization published the 2009 annual report, which indicated the yearly committed or attempted piracy attacked numbers are 222 over East Africa, rated to 55% of the World total numbers 406. The pirates most originated from Somalia, which the country have fulled with hopefulessness atmosphere since 1991, and the M. Siad Barre administration was overthrown by rebel forces. Henceforward, the clan warlords, Separatists, Islamic armed resurgents made no limited conflicts and civil wars over entirely domestic land. The anarchic state toward the piracy acts was beyond control. Therefore, the Security Council of United Nations adopted several resolutions to authorize the capable member states having cooperations with Somalia Transnational Federal Government to fight against piracy in the Somali territorial sea since 2008, such as resolution 1816, 1846, 1897 and 1950. The purpose of this article is to analyse the differences between Straits of Malacca and Somali coast in counter-piracy domain. The researching questions are trying to comprehend the anti-piracy’s role of littoral states and maritime powers respectively. Finding what are the vital variables to improve the good order at sea over Straits of Malacca and Somali Coast. Finally, assessing the possible solutions and experiences from case to case, helped us to make a clearer image on counter-piracy.