由族群遺傳結構探討青斑蝶之長距離移動

Abstract

青斑蝶 (Parantica sita niphonica Moore) 分布於台灣、日本、韓國及中國東南方，其在日本之移動行為自1980年代，學者開始以標記再捕法進行追蹤紀錄，發現日本境內之青斑蝶有春季北遷，秋季南遷現象。台灣地區自1989年開始進行大規模標放；1999年起，又由李及楊進行標放調查，發現至2008年共有十二筆青斑蝶在台灣及日本間移動之紀錄，證實兩地青斑蝶族群有交流現象存在。然而青斑蝶在台灣本島內，台灣、日本、韓國與中國東南方之遷移路線尚未有完整記錄；以標記再捕法需大量人力、長時間監測，且範圍廣大調查不易等限制，因此本研究檢驗粒線體DNA基因片段NADH去氫酵素第五次單元 (ND5) 序列，共892個核苷酸，比較台灣、日本、中國及泰國青斑蝶族群遺傳差異，發現共有18個基因型，其中H1為主要基因型，分布於台灣和日本，而中國及泰國則無。透過計算各地族群間交流程度，得知台灣和日本間存在有高度基因交流，但和中國及泰國則是分化程度高。透過建立個基因型的演化關係，也獲得此18個基因型可分為三群：台灣─日本、中國、泰國；再度證實台日之間青班蝶可能有高程度的基因交流。比較標記再捕法記錄和分子證據以及季風和地形間的關係，推測青斑蝶在台灣和日本的移動方向和路線可能受季風和地形的影響。

The chestnut tiger, Parantica sita niphonica Moore, ranges in Taiwan, Japan, Korea and Southeast China. The movement of chestnut tiger in Japan has been discovered by mark-release-recapture (MRR) method since 1980s. They move northwards in spring and southwards in autumn. The survey of the butterfly in Taiwan has performed since 1989. From 2000 there were 2 MRR records in Taiwan, and 12 cases of the chestnut tiger moving between Taiwan and Japan. It was confirmed that there is gene flow between populations in Taiwan and Japan. Using a high resolution genetic marker, mitochondria DNA sequence ND5, we can find the genetic variation, including haplotype diversity, nucleotide diversity, FST value and Nm value to restructure the population genetic structure of P. sita niphonica.. After analyzed 892 bp ND5 fragment from 71 samples of Taiwan, Japan, China and Thailand, we found out that there are 18 haplotypes. In these haplotypes, Taiwan and Japan share a dominant one, H1, but H1 could not be found in China or Thailand. According to analysis of FST and Nm value, there is high degree of gene flow among populations in Taiwan, and there is also high gene flow between Japan and Taiwan and differentiation between Taiwan, Japan, China and Thailand. Furthermore, both genealogical relationships and Neighbor-joining (NJ) tree supported that these haplotypes could be classified into 3 groups: Taiwan-Japan, China and Thailand population. If MRR records and population genetic data are compared with meteorological and topographic information, the movement of P. sita is correlated with monsoon and topographic feature in Taiwan and Japan.