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完整後設資料紀錄
DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
---|---|---|
dc.contributor.advisor | 曾鈞懋(Chun-Mao Tseng) | |
dc.contributor.author | Po-Yung Shen | en |
dc.contributor.author | 沈柏源 | zh_TW |
dc.date.accessioned | 2021-06-15T05:42:13Z | - |
dc.date.available | 2012-08-20 | |
dc.date.copyright | 2010-08-20 | |
dc.date.issued | 2010 | |
dc.date.submitted | 2010-08-20 | |
dc.identifier.citation | 參考文獻
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Physics Today 55(8), 30-36. Shim, J., Kim, D., Kang, Y.C., Lee, J.H., Jang, S.T., Kim, C.H., 2007. Seasonal variations in pCO2 and its controlling factors in surface seawater of the northern East China Sea. Continental Shelf Research 27,2623-2636. Siegenthaler, U., Sarmiento, J.L., 1993. Atmospheric carbon dioxide and the ocean. Nature 365, 119-125. Tang D. L., H. Kawamura (2001). Long-term time series satellite ocean color product on the Asian waters. Proceeding of the Eleventh PAMS/JECSS Workshop. Tang D. L., H. Kawamura & A. J. Luis (2002). Short-term variability of phytoplankton blooms associated with a cold eddy in the northwestern Arabian Sea. Remote Sensing of Environment, 81(1), 81 – 89. Thomas, H., Bozec, Y., Elkalay, K., de Baar, H.J.W., (2004). Response to Comment on 'Enhanced Open Ocean Storage of CO2 from Shelf Sea Pumping'. Science 306, 1477. Tsunogai, S., Watanabe, S., Sato, T., 1999. Is there a 'continental shelf pump' for the absorption of atmospheric CO2? Tellus 51B, 701-712. Wang, S.L, Chen, C.T.A., Hong, G.H., Chung, C.S., (2000). Carbon dioxide and related parameters in the East China Sea. Continental Shelf Research 20, 525-544. Wanninkhof, R., 1992. Relationship between wind speed and gas exchangeover the ocean. Journal of Geophysical Research 97, C5, 7373-7382. Weiss, R. F., (1974). Carbon dioxide in water and seawater: the solubility of a non-ideal gas. Marine Chemistry 2, 203-215. Zhai W., Dai M., (2009) On the seasonal variation of air – sea CO2 fluxes in the outer Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary, East China Sea. Marine Chemistry 117, 2-10 | |
dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/46850 | - |
dc.description.abstract | 本研究主要是探討2003年夏季東海表水二氧化碳分壓之時空分佈,控制機制與其海氣交換通量之變化。研究時間為2003年6月19日至26日與2003年8月13日至23日,於東海(East China Sea, ECS)進行現場偵測海水與大氣中之二氧化碳分壓(fCO2)。大氣fCO2於2003年6月與8月航次期間無明顯的變化,平均各自為365.9 ± 1.7與359.8 ± 3.6 μatm。而2003年6月觀測期間表水fCO2範圍介於 109.1 - 435.3 μatm ( 平均297.3 ± 56.2 μatm, n = 1113 ),低值 ( 109.1 – 299.4μatm, n = 313 ) 主要出現在低溫低鹽高營養鹽的長江沖淡水 ( Salinity (S) < 31.5 ) 之擴散面積 ( 6.4×1010 m2, 佔研究區域之34.9% ),主要受生物作用影響。而高值(338.4 – 366.1 μatm , n = 95 )主要出現在高溫高鹽低營養的黑潮水 ( S > 34);至2003年8月觀測期間表水fCO2範圍介於 235.0 - 467.2 μatm ( 平均373.3 ± 33.2 μatm , n = 1624 ),低值 ( 235.0 – 322.7 μatm , n = 75 ) 依然出現在長江沖淡水(面積1.2×1010 m2,佔研究區域的4.4%),其表水fCO2略高於6月之數值;而高溫高鹽的黑潮水,其表水fCO2略高於6月之數值範圍介於 369.8 – 409.4 μatm ( n = 462 )。2003年6月三峽大壩進行第一階段蓄水,短短兩個月的時間,各水型有明顯的消長變化,2003年8月 ( 1.2×1010 m2 ) 長江沖淡水擴散面積較6月 (6.4×1010 m2 ) 減少81.2 %,造成生物作用降低,水溫提高,因此2003年6月至8月二氧化碳海氣交換通量由 -1.9 ± 1.6 mole C m-2 y-1轉變為0.2 ± 0.9,明顯的由一個大氣二氧化碳的「匯」(Sink) 轉為「源」(Source)。
夏季東海表水fCO2的分布主要與側向傳輸的混合機制有關係,此外各水型之間的主控因素亦不相同,黑潮水與陸棚混合水 ( 31.5 < S < 34 ) 主要受控於溫度變化,長江沖淡水主要受控於生物作用,沿岸水 ( Depth < 50m ) 主要受控於垂直混合作用。研究顯示溫度、鹽度與葉綠素a代表各控制機制的參數,並將各水型分離,於水深 > 50m的陸棚海域上進而建立了四組多變數回歸經驗模式 ( r2 > 0.83 ),其中模式1 (fCO2 = -776.209 + (73.830 × T) - (1.169 × T2) - (26.018 × Chla) + (1.356 × Chla2))可利用遙測之溫度、葉綠素a的資料進行多變數回歸換算,模式結果顯示,在2003年夏季時東海的代表性通量為 -0.8 ± 1.0 mole C m-2 y-1,為大氣二氧化碳的「匯」( sink ),若無生物作用時則增加為 0.2 ± 0.9 mole C m-2 y-1,此亦使得表水二氧化碳分壓增加9.3% ( 研究區域內之平均由332.1 μatm轉為363.0 μatm )。而2003年夏季( 6月1日至8月31日 ) 之東海 ( 9 × 1011 m2 ) 約可吸收 8×10-3 Gt C,若無生物之作用則將釋放 2.5×10-3 Gt C。 | zh_TW |
dc.description.abstract | The distribution and air-sea exchange fluxes of CO2 with its controlling factors had been investigated in surface waters of the East China Sea (ECS) by an automated underway CO2 system in summer (June 19th to June 26th and August 13th to 23rd) 2003. There were no significant differences in atmospheric CO2 between June (365.9 1.7 atm) and August 2003 (359.8 3.6 atm). Sea surface fCO2 distribution, for instance, in June 2003 showed significant spatial and temporal variation, ranging from 109.1 to 435.3 atm with an average of 297.3 56.2 atm (n1113). Low fCO2 levels (109.1 – 299.4 atm, n = 313), mainly due to bio-uptake effect, were found in low-temperature, low-salinity and nutrient-rich Changjiang Diluted waters (CDW, S<31.5) off Mainland China which coverage area of 6.41010 m2 accounted for 34.9% of the study area. High fCO2 values (338.4-366.1 atm, n=95) occurred mainly in high-temperature, high-salinity and nutrient-less Kuroshio waters (S>34). In August 2003, the sea surface CO2 ranged from 235.0 to 467.2 uatm (average 373.3 33.2 atm, n 1624). Low fCO2 (235.0 – 322.7 atm, n = 75) observed at the CDW (1.21010 m2, 4.4% of the study area) in August was slightly higher than that in June. Additionally, the CO2 levels in the Kuroshio waters (369.8–409.4 μatm, n = 462) are slightly higher in August than June. The results showed significant changes in water masses occurred in the ECS shelf area between June and August, 2003. The CDW coverage area was additionally decreased by 81.2% from June to August, resulting in less biological effect and a SST increase. Consequently, the air-sea CO2 exchange of the entire ECS shelf area from a sink (-1.9 ± 1.6 mole C m-2 y-1) to a source (0.2 ± 0.9 mole C m-2 y-1) happened within 2 months just right after the filling of the Three Gorge Dam (TGD) in June 2003.
The relationship results showed the summer CO2 distribution was associated with mixing mechanisms via lateral transport in the ECS. Each type of water masses had their own major factors for governing CO2. CO2 changes in Kuroshio and shelf mixed waters were, for instance, mainly controlled by temperature effect, in CDW governed by biological activity and in costal waters (depth <50m) influenced by vertical mixing. Four multi-variable regression relationships were established (r2 > 0.83) according to temperature, salinity and chlorophyll a as major controlling variables. However, Model I relation, expressed as a polynomial of two parameters, was applied to the areas of water depth above 50 m ( Depth > 50m,fCO2 = -776.209 + (73.830 × T) - (1.169 × T2) - (26.018 × Chla) + (1.356 × Chla2)) by using remote sensing data of temperature and chlorophyll a. The model results showed that the ECS shelf area ( 9 × 1011 m2) in summer (June-August) 2003 acted as an atmospheric CO2 sink with an average air-to-sea flux of -0.8 ± 1.0 mole C m-2 y-1 which could absorb approximately 8×10-3 Gt C. If biological activities were turned off, the sea surface CO2 increased by 9.32% from an average of 332 μatm to 363 μatm and turned a sink to a source with a flux of 0.2 ± 0.9 mole C m-2 y-1 i.e. 2.5×10-3 Gt C released into the atmosphere from the ECS. | en |
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dc.description.tableofcontents | 目 錄
口試委員會審定書………………………………………………..……......i 致謝………………………………………………………………..…….....ii 中文摘要……………………………………………………………..…....iii 英文摘要……………………………………………………………….......v 第一章 緒論.................................................................................................1 1.1研究背景.........................................................................................1 1.2 全球邊緣海二氧化碳海氣交換通量研究....................................2 1.3 東海基本水文背景簡介................................................................3 1.4.文獻回顧.........................................................................................4 1.5 研究目的........................................................................................8 第二章 研究材料與方法.............................................................................9 2.1 研究區域........................................................................................9 2.2 研究方法......................................................................................11 2.3 儀器設備......................................................................................11 2.4 採樣及分析..................................................................................14 2.4.1 海水二氧化碳分壓...........................................................14 2.4.2 大氣二氧化碳分壓...........................................................14 2.5 其它參數之輔助資料..................................................................16 2.5.1 海水參數...........................................................................16 2.5.2 氣象參數...........................................................................17 2.5.3 遙測衛星資料...................................................................17 2.6 二氧化碳之海氣交換通量計算..................................................18 第三章 結果...............................................................................................20 3.1水文及化學參數之空間變化.......................................................20 3.1.1 2003年6月之水文及化學數............................................21 3.1.1 2003年8月之水文及化學數............................................22 3.2 大氣二氧化碳分壓之空間變化..................................................23 3.3 表水二氧化碳分壓之空間變化..................................................23 3.3.1 2003年6月之表水二氧化碳分壓之空間變化................24 3.3.2 2003年8月之表水二氧化碳分壓之空間變化................24 3.4大氣與表水二氧化碳分壓差.......................................................25 第四章 討論...............................................................................................29 4.1東海各水型特性與空間分布.......................................................29 4.2 二氧化碳航跡時序、水文及化學參數關係................................34 4.2.1 2003年6月OR1_686之航跡時序分析............................34 4.2.2 2003年8月OR1_691之航跡時序分析............................37 4.3 表水二氧化碳分壓之控制機制探討..........................................39 4.3.1表水二氧化碳分壓 ( f CO2 W ) 與溫度之關係................41 4.3.2 f CO2 W ( at 27°C ) 與鹽度之關係....................................42 4.3.3 f CO2 W ( at 27°C ) 與葉綠素a之關係.............................44 4.3.4各水型控制機制之分析....................................................45 4.4 多變數回歸經驗模式................................................................47 4.4.1 各多變數回歸經驗模式(Model_1 – Model_4)簡介.....50 4.4.1.1模式1 ( Model_1 )...................................................50 4.4.1.2模式2 ( Model_2 )...................................................52 4.4.1.2模式3 ( Model_3 ) 與模式4 ( Model_4 )..............53 4.4.2 多變數回歸經驗模式的應用.........................................58 4.4.3 與前人經驗公式比較.....................................................61 4.5 2003年夏季東海二氧化碳海氣交換通量...............................63 4.5.1 2003年6月東海二氧化碳海氣交換通量....................64 4.5.2 2003年8月東海二氧化碳海氣交換通量.....................64 4.5.3 各水型二氧化碳分壓差與二氧化碳海氣交換通量.....66 4.6 2003年夏季東海二氧化碳通量時序變化...............................68 第五章 結論...............................................................................................71 參考文獻.....................................................................................................72 附綠一 水文參數校正回歸方程式.........................................................75 附綠二 遙測資料與時測資料之回歸方程式.........................................76 圖 目 錄 圖 1.1 全球邊緣海之二氧化碳海氣交換通量研究……......................2 圖 1.2 Tsunogai et al. (1997,1999)、Peng et al. (1999) 、Wang et al. (2000)、Shimet al. (2007)、Zhai et al. (2009)、Nemoto et al. (2009)等研究之測站位置圖......................................................6 圖 1.3 Chen et al.(2008)之研究區域......................................................7 圖 1.4 Chou et al.(2009) 研究之測站位置圖………………...…….....7 圖 2.1 2003年6月OR1 686航次之表水二氧化碳濃度航跡圖與水 文測站及地理位置...…………………………………...…….....9 圖 2.2 2003年8月OR1 691航次之表水二氧化碳濃度航跡圖與水 文測站及地理位置.............................................……………....10 圖 2.3 二氧化碳分壓自動分析系統示意圖...........................….........13 圖 2.4 大氣與表水二氧化碳分壓採樣設備架設示意圖..………......15 圖 3.1 2003年6月與8月之表水溫度、鹽度、營養鹽、葉綠素a 空間分布圖……………………………………………….........27 圖 3.2 2003年6月與8月之大氣二氧化碳分壓、表水二氧化碳分 壓、二氧化碳分壓差之空間分布圖……………………….......28 圖 4.1 表水溫鹽分布圖.............................……………………….......32 圖 4.2 2003年6月各水型之空間分布................................................33 圖 4.3 2003年8月各水型之空間分布................................................33 圖 4.4 2003年6月東海二氧化碳航跡時序與水文及化學關係圖 …................……………………………………………….......36 圖 4.5 為2003年8月東海二氧化碳航跡時序與水文及化學關係圖 .......................................................................……………........38 圖 4.6 fCO2控制機制示意圖...............................................................40 圖 4.7 2003年6月東海表水二氧化碳與溫度之關係........................41 圖 4.8 2003年8月東海表水二氧化碳與溫度之關係........................42 圖 4.9 2003年6月fCO2 at 27℃與鹽度之關係..................................43 圖 4.10 2003年8月fCO2 at 27℃與鹽度之關係................................43 圖 4.11 2003年6月fCO2 at 27℃與葉綠素a之關係...........................44 圖 4.12 2003年8月fCO2 at 27℃與葉綠素a之關係.........................45 圖 4.13 2003年6月fCO2與鹽度之關係...............................................46 圖 4.14 2003年8月fCO2與鹽度之關係...............................................46 圖 4.15 model_1 fCO2與實測fCO2之關係..........................................51 圖 4.16 model_1 fCO2與實測fCO2(扣除CW)之關係.........................51 圖 4.17 model_2 fCO2與實測fCO2之關係..........................................52 圖 4.18 model_2 fCO2與實測fCO2(扣除CW)之關係………….........53 圖 4.19 model_3 fCO2與實測fCO2之關係..........................................54 圖 4.20 model_3 fCO2與實測fCO2(扣除CW)之關係.........................54 圖 4.21 model_4 fCO2與實測fCO2之關係..........................................55 圖 4.22 model_4 fCO2與實測fCO2(扣除CW)之關係.........................55 圖 4.23 2003年6月(OR1_686)實測值與各模式的航跡時序關係 圖...............................................…………………………...…...56 圖 4.24 2003年8月(OR1_691)實測值與各模式的航跡時序關係 圖..………………………………...............................................57 圖 4.25 2003年6月衛星海面表水溫度之空間分布............................59 圖 4.26 2003年東海夏季表水二氧化碳分壓的時序關係圖...............60 圖 4.27 Tsunogai’s model與實測fCO2之關係 ....................................62 圖 4.28 Wang’s model與實測fCO2之關係...........................................62 圖 4.29 彭佳嶼測站風速時序分布圖.......……………………….........63 圖 4.30 2003年6月東海二氧化碳海氣交換通量之空間變化............65 圖 4.31 2003年8月東海二氧化碳海氣交換通量之空間變化............65 圖 4.32 OR1_686與OR1_691研究區域面積與各水型所佔研究區域 之比率…………………………………………………….......67 圖 4.33 OR1_686與OR1_691各水型之二氧化碳分壓差...................67 圖 4.34 OR1_686與OR1_691各水型之二氧化碳海氣交換通量.......68 圖 4.35 2003年夏季東海二氧化碳海氣交換通量的時序關係圖.......69 表 目 錄 表 1.1 東海二氧化碳通量之過往文獻......................................................6 表 3.1 2003年6月及8月表水與大氣二氧化碳和水文及化學參數之 簡表...............................................................................................26 表 4.1 東海各水型的特性........................................................................31 表 4.2 各多變數回歸經驗模式方程式與實測值比對結果....................49 表 4.3 遙測資料之周平均值與模式( model_1 )結果.............................70 | |
dc.language.iso | zh-TW | |
dc.title | 2003年夏季東海表水二氧化碳之時空變化與控制機制探討 | zh_TW |
dc.title | Temporal and spatial variations of sea surface fCO2 and its controlling factors in the East China Sea in summer 2003 | en |
dc.type | Thesis | |
dc.date.schoolyear | 98-2 | |
dc.description.degree | 碩士 | |
dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 劉康克,魏慶琳 | |
dc.subject.keyword | 東海,三峽大壩,海氣交換,fCO2,迴歸分析,衛星遙測, | zh_TW |
dc.subject.keyword | East China Sea,Three Gorges Dam,air-sea exchange,fCO2,regression analysis,satellite remote, | en |
dc.relation.page | 76 | |
dc.rights.note | 有償授權 | |
dc.date.accepted | 2010-08-20 | |
dc.contributor.author-college | 理學院 | zh_TW |
dc.contributor.author-dept | 海洋研究所 | zh_TW |
顯示於系所單位: | 海洋研究所 |
文件中的檔案:
檔案 | 大小 | 格式 | |
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ntu-99-1.pdf 目前未授權公開取用 | 4.51 MB | Adobe PDF |
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