改變再認的記憶雙歷程

Abstract

本研究的目的是探討改變偵測成功與失敗下對改變前物體的再認是否都涉及意識回想歷程與自動化的熟悉歷程，而此二歷程涉入的比例是否受到偵測成功與否及表徵完整性的影響。我們在兩個實驗間藉由呈現時間的長短（實驗一為180毫秒，實驗二為2秒）以操控表徵完整性。在各實驗裡，我們使用改變偵測作業加上歷程分離程序來記錄參與者偵測成功與失敗下對改變前物體的再認，並應用修改過的信號偵測雙歷程階層模型與貝式方法來分別估計不同歷程提供訊息的比例。我們的結果發現當參與者可以成功地偵測到改變時，再認記憶的表現會顯著地上升，但只有回想歷程提取的成功率會較高。反之，熟悉歷程可提取的程度則與偵測是否成功無關。這樣的結果顯示在過去關於改變偵測與記憶表徵的文獻中，記憶表現在不同測量方法間的歧異可由記憶雙歷程理論所解釋。此外，我們發現表徵完整性只影響回想歷程提取的比例，而不影響熟悉歷程。這樣的結果代表完整表徵內有較多的細節與情境訊息，可由回想歷程提取出。基於本研究的結果，我們延伸了改變盲文獻裡的提取失敗假說，而進一步的提出回想歷程失敗假說。

The objective of this study is to understand whether recollection and familiarity processes are both involved in recognizing a pre-change object under change blindness and change detected conditions, and whether they are affected by the completeness of representation. We manipulated viewing duration between two experiments (180 ms in Experiment 1 and 2 s in Experiment 2) to vary the completeness of representation. In both Experiments 1A and 2A, participants were required to detect a change between two arrays and then performed either an inclusion or exclusion recognition task. We used the modified dual-process signal detection model and a Bayesian method to estimate the proportion of recollection and familiarity under change detected and change blindness conditions. The results from both experiments supported the involvement of dual processes in recognizing a pre-change object. The proportion of recollection process was higher under correct detection than under change blindness and was higher when representations were more complete. To further verify the information recollected prior to performing change detection, we conducted Experiments 1B and 2B in which participants performed recognition prior to carrying out the detection task. Participants were also asked to report the contextual information upon which they performed the recognition task. When viewing duration was brief in Experiment 1B, temporal order and object category were the primary sources recollected under correct detection. When viewing duration was long in Experiment 2B, participants recollected temporal, object category, spatial location, and perceptual details under correct detection. These results suggested that successful comparison with a post-change object can be made when more sources of a pre-change object were recollected. Recollection failure is a reason for change blindness.