夏目漱石と張文環の文芸思想の接点――近代化社会の父権制度・資本主義をめぐって

Abstract

日本明治時期的近代化經驗為台灣殖民地時期的近代化所採用。在國民國家統合所伴隨而來的近代化當中，明治社會與台灣殖民地社會受到日本帝國的國家資本主義與家族國家觀的影響。 在這樣社會體制下，明治時期的「文明評論家」夏目漱石，一方面在其作品中提及資本主義與父權體制的問題，一方面導向了相對於「國家」概念的「個人主義」思維，作為觀察近代化的明治社會的結果。而「殖民地作家」張文環懷抱著反抗日本帝國的反殖民意識，於其作品中刻劃了台灣殖民地社會中的資本主義與父權體制的問題。此外，這兩位作家皆對長塚節的《土》與島崎藤村的文學抱持著關心。 本研究將基於文學社會學的方法，探究漱石與張文環的文藝思想的本質，並透過文藝上之共同關心提示兩位作家在近代化批判與文藝思想上的的交集。漱石方面，將關注《草枕》與甲午戰爭後日本國內盛行的社會小說的關聯、《三四郎》所探討的「嶄新西洋」與「老舊日本」的概念、《之後》所描繪的代助的通姦心理與其近代化批判的關聯、《心》所探究的明治社會的思想問題與「明治的精神」的關聯性。張文環方面，將矚目於〈父親的要求〉所提起的「階級與親子間之間的問題」、〈過重〉所描繪出的文明憧憬和光耀門楣冀求的幻滅及「喪失父親」的現實、《山茶花》所描繪的台灣殖民地社會之生活現實、〈閹雞〉的自然主義風格之寫實主義與對近代化社會問題的刻畫。此外，將論及漱石與張文環對長塚節的《土》與島崎藤村的文學所抱持的共同的關心，與其文藝思想的本質做連結。 本研究的目的，乃透過提示漱石與張文環的近代化批判及文藝思想的本質與交集，明示對影響明治社會與台灣殖民地社會之國民國家統合與其伴隨而來的近代化具批判性的時代思潮的一個面向。

Modernizing experiences of Meiji society were adopted to Taiwan colonial society. Under the progress of modernization accompanied by integration of Nation-state, Meiji society and Taiwan colonial society are both influenced by state capitalism and the notion of Family state, which were carried forward by Japanese Empire. Under that type of social system, “Modernization Critic”, Soseki Ntsume at Meiji period raised questions about capitalism and patriarchy in his literary works, and also, as the outcome of his observation on modernizing society, he arrived at a notion of “Individualism” which is contrast to the notion of “Nation”. And “Colonial Writer”, Wenhuan Chang at Taiwan colonial period, having the thought of counter-colonization against Japanese Empire, depicted the problems of capitalism and patriarchy in modernizing Taiwan colonial society. In addition, both of the two writers paid great attentions on Takashi Nakatuka’s “Tsuchi” and Touson Shimazaki’s literature. This study is based on the method of sociology of literature, analyzing the essence of Soseki Ntsume’s and Wenhuan Chang’s literary thoughts, and to point out the link of the two writers’ criticisms on modernization and literary thoughts through their common concerns in literature. About Soseki Ntsume, this study will concentrate on the relation between “Kusamakura” and social novel formed after First Sino-Japanese War, the concept of “New Western” and “Old Japan” explored in “Sanshiro”, the connection between Daisuke’s criticisms on modernization and his mentality to commit adultery in “Sorekara”, as well as the connection of social thought in Meiji period and “Spirit of Meiji” explored in “Kokoro”. As for Wenhuan Chang, this study will focus on the “problems between class and parent-child conflict” expressed in “Chichi no Youkyu”, disenchantment of cult of modernity and careerism for being conscious of the fact of father deprivation described in “Kajyu”, life reality in Taiwan colonial society depicted in “Sanzaka”, and realism with Naturalism tendency and expressions about the problems of modernizing society in “Yiamge”. After those issues, this study will analyze Soseki Ntsume’s and Wenhuan Chang’s common concerns on Nakatuka’s “Tsuchi” and Touson Shimazaki’s literature, and relate the discussions to the essence of their literary thoughts. The purpose of this study is to portray an aspect of Zeitgeist resisting integration of Nation-state and the accompanied progress of modernization, which influenced Meiji society and Taiwan colonial society, by presenting the essence and link of Soseki’s and Wenhuan Chang’s criticisms on modernization and literary thoughts.