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標題: | 臺灣地區閹雞之飼養現況及其生產性狀之分析 The analyses of rearing state and production for capons in Taiwan |
作者: | Shih-Ming Wu 烏仕明 |
指導教授: | 魏恆巍(Hen-Wei Wei) |
關鍵字: | 閹雞,生長表現,屠體性狀,肉質,官能品評, capon,growth performance,carcass traits,meat quality,sensory test, |
出版年 : | 2011 |
學位: | 碩士 |
摘要: | 閹雞為我國土雞產業中重要而高單價的產業,其具有悠久之歷史。然而目前鮮少有報告針對臺灣閹雞產業進行探討。本研究旨在調查我國閹雞產業之現況,並進行飼養試驗,探討不同商用品種閹雞間之生長及生產資料。
訪查資料包含不同飼養場所飼養之品種、數量以及生產狀況。結果顯示,目前臺灣所飼養之閹雞共有6種,可依體型分為大、小兩種:大型閹雞為珍珠雞、竹北仿、放山雞及紅羽土雞;小型閹雞則為黑羽土雞、古早雞,皆屬於放牧飼養,且於6 ~ 8週齡間進行去勢。小型閹雞廣泛分布於多個地區,且去勢後育成率較高,飼養期約22週,上市體重約2.4~3.6 kg,單價較低。而大型閹雞則集中於桃、竹、苗一帶,飼養期為26至30週齡,單價高,上市體重約4.8 kg以上。目前閹雞市場以黑羽土雞為主,數量為所有大小型閹雞之冠。 本試驗使用以上6個品種之土雞,包括黑羽土雞、紅羽土雞、古早雞、放山雞、竹北仿與珍珠雞,而烏骨雞因為一具特色之臺灣土雞品種,故亦在本試驗中進行比較。各品種雞隻於7週齡去勢,各24隻,隨機分入6欄。試驗期間,所有雞隻皆以相同成分之飼糧進行任飼,其代謝能為 3000 kcal/kg,粗蛋白為18%,並以完全相同之條件飼養。飼養至24週齡時,各組犧牲一半的雞隻進行採樣、分析,其餘者則飼養至32週齡時,進行前述之操作。結果顯示,於試驗期間,紅羽土雞、放山鬥雞、竹北仿及珍珠雞之採食量、體重皆顯著較黑羽土雞、古早雞及烏骨雞者高(p < 0.05),然而珍珠雞之飼料利用效率較低。閹雞的器官與腹脂佔體重之相對重量,隨品種而不同,尤其在砂囊之部分。各品種閹雞之屠宰率、胸肉、腿及翅膀佔屠體之比例,皆顯著受到品種及體型之顯著影響,黑羽土雞與放山鬥雞之胸肉比例與屠宰率皆顯著高於烏骨雞者(p < 0.05)。皮膚與肌肉之色澤亦受到品種及體型之影響。閹雞膚色的L值以及腿肉的L、b值、pH值及保水性則受到品種與屠宰週齡的交感作用。大型閹雞之肌纖維直徑顯著大於小型者,且隨著年齡增長而變大(p < 0.05)。閹雞胸肉的脂肪比例、官能品評之嫩度、多汁性與腿肉之風味成績,亦顯著受到品種的影響(p < 0.05)。在24週齡時,黑羽土雞之風味官能品評成績顯著高於古早雞。放山鬥雞腿肉的多汁性成績顯著所有大型閹雞者(p < 0.05)。本次試驗結果顯示,黑羽土雞與放山鬥雞具有較好的肉質表現。 綜合上述之結果,閹雞在臺灣不同地區皆有分布,然而品種不盡相同,且具有不同的生長表現、屠體性狀與肉質。黑羽土雞與放山鬥雞為當今市場之主流,具有較好的生產表現。 Capon production is an important item in chicken industry in Taiwan with long history while little literature reports its scenes, and the purposes of this study are to survey the state of capon production in Taiwan and to compare the growth performance and meat qualities between different commercial breeds. The data including the breed, number and production scale of the commercial capons from individual farms were collected and results showed that the current commercial breeds were divided into two categories, the large or small size. The small-size type capons, including black feather Taiwan country chicken (BF) and Gu-tsou chicken (GT), are widely distributed in whole Taiwan and their market weights are 2.4 ~ 3.6 kg at 22 weeks of age. The large-size ones containing game bird (GB), Chupei-fang chickens (CF), naked neck chickens (NN) and red feather Taiwan country chickens (RF), are gathered in Taoyuan, Miaoli and Hsinchu counties and sold with higher prices, when body weights reach at least 4.8 kg at 26 ~ 30 weeks of age, compared with the small types. The black feather Taiwan country capon is the dominant breed in capon production. For comparing the growth performance and meat qualities between different commercial breeds, seven breeds of males including BF, GT, RF, GB, CF, NN and silky (SK), which is a special breed of Taiwan country chicken were caponized at 7 weeks of age and each breed of 24 capons was allocated into 6 pens randomly in the coming week. All groups of capons were provided with the same diet containing 3000 kcal/kg of ME and 180 g/kg of CP ad libitum. Half capons were sacrificed for sampling at 24 weeks of age (24W) and the others were terminated at 32 weeks of age (32W). The results showed that the RF, GB, CF and NN capons showed significantly heavier body weight and higher feed intake than BF, GT and SK did during the whole experiment period (p < 0.05) whereas NN showed lower feed efficiency between breeds. Relative organ weights and abdominal fat weight to body weight varied with breeds, especially in gizzard. The dressing percentage and the ratios of breast meat, legs or wings to carcass were significantly influenced by the breeds and body sizes, and the BF and GB had higher ratios of breast meat and dressing percentage than the SK did(p < 0.05). The colors of skin and meat were also significantly (p < 0.05) influenced by breeds and body sizes. Interaction existed between breeds and age in the L value of skin and the L and b values, pH values and water holding capacity of thigh meat. The diameter of muscle fiber of large-size capons was bigger than the small ones, and it grew with age (p < 0.05). The fat percentage, tenderness, and juiciness score of breast meat and the flavor score of thigh meat were significantly influenced by breed (p < 0.05). The flavor score of BF were higher than that of GT while the juiciness score of GB were higher than all of the large capons(p < 0.05). The data showed that the BF and GB had better performance in meat quality. As noted above, there are different breeds of capons distributed in many regions with the different growth performance, carcass characteristic and meat quality in Taiwan whereas the BF and GB capons are the dominant breeds and exhibit better production performance. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/46031 |
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顯示於系所單位: | 動物科學技術學系 |
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