先秦齋戒禮研究

Abstract

「齋戒」幾乎存在於每個民族，最初為宗教前置儀式，它的作用是淨化、聖化齋戒者，使其能與神明溝通。齋戒的規範通常包括淨化、聖化和隔離。 先秦古漢族的齋戒，與當代中華文化圈的齋戒，在形式上已有相當大的差異。為了瞭解先秦齋戒的禮文和禮意，本論文由典籍入手以搜羅禮文，以人類學方法解析禮意，研究先秦齋戒與當代及其他民族的異與同。 淨化：先秦古漢族以沐浴淨化外在、以變食淨化體內。齋戒前需要沐浴，以清洗穀物的水洗頭髮，並在洗澡水中加入「秬鬯」，沐浴完畢再穿著明衣，這是古漢族的外在淨化。齋戒時的飲食改變包括不飲酒、不茹葷，至於天子則尚有「三舉」和「食玉」的特殊規定。不飲酒、不茹葷是齋戒的飲食禁忌，與其他民族相仿；但「三舉」卻與其他民族不同，不僅不禁肉食，反而要攝取比平常多的牲畜，以獲得能量；「食玉」更是齋戒時的特殊飲食，服用玉屑以增強陽氣。 聖化：齋戒時的服裝改變，是為了使齋戒者獲得神聖的屬性。對古漢族而言，穿著黑色系的齋服可以接近鬼神，齋服包括玄冕、玄端、玄裳。此外，還要將平時佩戴的玉佩反結在「韠」之上，以免發出聲音。 隔離：為了使齋戒者能保持淨化與聖化的狀態，許多民族都會將其隔離。古漢族齋戒的隔離包括住與行，以及精神上的隔離。齋戒時必須住在固定的住所，如天子諸侯居於齋宮、士居於寢，到了「致齋」階段就不能外出。散齋時雖然可以外出，但必須乘坐齋車，不能弔喪，在家中則不入側室。 除了上述三類齋戒規範，本論文還討論了齋戒的理論精神，以及齋戒的運用場合。「齋戒的理論與精神」一章，定位了齋戒在古禮中的重要性，歸納出先秦齋戒的四種特質：謙恭、樸實、莊嚴、誠敬。齋戒不只是宗教的前置儀式，而是一種有思想深度的生活規範。齋戒的用途也十分廣泛：上自天子下至士人，吉凶軍賓嘉五大類禮節，均需要齋戒作為前置儀式；此外，齋戒更演變出對人事政事表達敬重的功能，表示當時的人已抽繹出齋戒儀式表達的重要精神：「敬」，進而應用到人事之上。

Zhai-Jie, a kind of pre-rites before many important ceremonies or events in Chinese culture, concludes several significances: purification of both physical and mental, consecration, and seclusion. At first, Zhai-Jie was supposed to be a religious pre-rite, including fasting, taking a bath and shampoo, changing clothes, and secluding. As time went by, in the period before the Qin Dynasty, the using and meaning of Zhai-Jie had changed: from only religion to both religion and thinking. In this thesis, I've used two methods for research: one is the traditional Classics, and the other is Anthropology. Traditional scholars (before the Republic of China) had made researches on the Five Classics. Though there were no monograph about Zhai-Jie, they mentioned some details of Zhai-Jie in their books. On the other hand, when we study ancient ceremonies, the methods of anthropology is necessary. Traditional scholars showed us HOW the ancient Han people held 'Zhai-Jie', but if we want to know WHY, we need to use Anthropology methods. Comparing Zhai-Jie with other peoples' fasting or asceticism is the way to know WHY the rules must exist. Chapter 1 is the purpose and methods of this thesis. Chapter 2 is the process of Zhai-Jie. Chapter 3 includes the thought and the theory of Zhai-Jie. Chapter 4 displays the applications of Zhai-Jie in the period of Qin Dynasty, to see how the ancient Han people bring it into exercise. Chapter 5, 6, 7, 8 show how Zhai-Jie was held. Chapter 5 is ablution, the function of purification of exterior. Chapter 6 is fasting, the function of purification of inner. Chapter 7 is clothing, the function of consecration. Chapter 8 is the rules of living and moving, the restriction of secluding. Chapter 9 is the conclusion of this thesis. ※Note: Zhai-Jie is usually translated as 'fasting' in English, but in fact, fasting is only a part of diet of Zhai-Jie. However, when the ancient Han people was holding Zhai-Jie, they might eat more meat than other days. When we use the word 'fasting', we always bethink of eat less and diet or taboo, but it's not the whole meaning of 'Zhai-Jie'. So in this essay, I decided to use 'Zhai-Jie' instead of 'fasting' in order to tell the difference between these two words.