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完整後設資料紀錄
DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
---|---|---|
dc.contributor.advisor | 陳志傑 | |
dc.contributor.author | Che-Ming Yang | en |
dc.contributor.author | 楊哲銘 | zh_TW |
dc.date.accessioned | 2021-06-15T03:57:31Z | - |
dc.date.available | 2013-09-13 | |
dc.date.copyright | 2010-09-13 | |
dc.date.issued | 2010 | |
dc.date.submitted | 2010-06-13 | |
dc.identifier.citation | Part I
Bellin, P. and Hinds, W. C. (1990). Aerosol penetration through respirator exhalation valves. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 51:555-560. Brosseau, L. M. (1998). Aerosol Penetration Behavior of Respirator Valves. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 59:173-180. Brosseau, L. M., Ellenbecker, M. J. and Evans, J. S. (1990). Collection of silica and asbestos aerosols by respirators at steady and cyclic flow. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 51:420-426. Burgess, W. A. and Anderson, D. E. (1967). Performance of respirator expiratory valves. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 28:216-223. Chen, C. C. and Willeke, K. (1992). Characteristics of face seal leakage in filtering facepieces. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 53:533-539. Chen, C. C., Lehtimaki, M. and Willeke, K. (1992). Aerosol penetration through filtering facepieces and respirator cartridges. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 53:566-574. Chen, C. C., Lehtimaki, M. and Willeke, K. (1993). Loading and filtration characteristics of filtering facepieces. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 54:51-60. Delaney, L. J., McKay, R. T. and Freeman, A. (2003). Determination of Known Exhalation Valve Damage Using a Negative Pressure User Seal Check Method on Full Facepiece Respirators. Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 18:237-243. Gershon, R. R. M., Pearson, J. M. and Westra, L. J. (2009). Evaluation tool for the assessment of personal protective respiratory equipment - 2009/07/01. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 30:716-718. Han, D. H. and Lee, J. (2005). Evaluation of particulate filtering respirators using Inward Leakage (IL) or Total Inward Leakage (TIL) testing - Korean experience. Annals of Occupational Hygiene 49:569-574. Han, D. H. (2000). Fit factors for quarter masks and facial size categories. The Annals of Occupational Hygiene 44:227-234. Hinds, W. C. and Kraske, G. (1987). Performance of dust respirators with facial seal leaks: I. experimental. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 48:836-841. Kuo, Y. M., Lai, C. Y., Chen, C. C., Lu, B. H., Huang, S. H. and Chen, C.-W. (2005). Evaluation of exhalation valves. Annals of Occupational Hygiene 49:563-568. Lee, S. A., Grinshpun, S. A. and Reponen, T. (2008). Respiratory performance offered by N95 respirators and surgical masks: Human subject evaluation with NaCl aerosol representing bacterial and viral particle size range. Annals of Occupational Hygiene 52:177-185. Snyder, E. M. and McKay, R. T. (2003). An Evaluation of Irritant Smoke to Detect Exhalation Valve Leakage in Respirators. Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 18:702-707. Part II Bellin, P. and Hinds, W. C. (1990). Aerosol penetration through respirator exhalation valves. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 51:555-560. Brosseau, L. M. (1998). Aerosol Penetration Behavior of Respirator Valves. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 59:173-180. Burgess, W. A. and Anderson, D. E. (1967). Performance of respirator expiratory valves. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 28:216-223. Chen, C. C. and Willeke, K. (1992). Characteristics of face seal leakage in filtering facepieces. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 53:533-539. Chen, C. C., Lehtimaki, M. and Willeke, K. (1992). Aerosol penetration through filtering facepieces and respirator cartridges. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 53:566-574. Chen, C. C., Lehtimaki, M. and Willeke, K. (1993). Loading and filtration characteristics of filtering facepieces. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 54:51-60. Gershon, R. R. M., Pearson, J. M. and Westra, L. J. (2009). Evaluation tool for the assessment of personal protective respiratory equipment - 2009/07/01. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 30:716-718. Han, D. H. and Lee, J. (2005). Evaluation of particulate filtering respirators using Inward Leakage (IL) or Total Inward Leakage (TIL) testing - Korean experience. Annals of Occupational Hygiene 49:569-574. Han, D. H. (2000). Fit factors for quarter masks and facial size categories. The Annals of Occupational Hygiene 44:227-234. Hinds, W. C. and Kraske, G. (1987). Performance of dust respirators with facial seal leaks: I. experimental. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 48:836-841. Kuo, Y. M., Lai, C. Y., Chen, C. C., Lu, B. H., Huang, S. H. and Chen, C. W. (2005). Evaluation of exhalation valves. Annals of Occupational Hygiene 49:563-568. Lee, S. A., Grinshpun, S. A. and Reponen, T. (2008). Respiratory performance offered by N95 respirators and surgical masks: Human subject evaluation with NaCl aerosol representing bacterial and viral particle size range. Annals of Occupational Hygiene 52:177-185. | |
dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/44891 | - |
dc.description.abstract | Part I
呼吸防護具是在無法使用工程控制的情況下,用來保護工作人員避免接觸空氣污染物的一種個人防護具。呼吸防護具的洩漏途徑有三種:濾材洩漏、面體密合洩漏和呼氣閥洩漏。正常使用下,呼氣閥的洩漏對於總洩漏的貢獻比例較小,然而在高防護係數的濾材和高密合度需求時,由於經過濾材與臉面縫隙的空氣阻抗變高,呼氣閥的洩漏就變得相對重要。現有呼氣閥的測試規範有澳洲紐西蘭所使用的AS/NZS 1716-1994 (Australian) 和美國的42CFR part 84 (USA),規範一個新的呼氣閥在負壓25毫米水柱的負壓抽引下,每分鐘的空氣洩漏率不能超過三十毫升。有研究指出現有對於呼氣閥的測試規範方法並不能代表真實使用下呼氣閥的洩露,因此本研究建立了呼氣閥的動態測試系統來和靜態的規範測試結果作對比。結果指出,動態洩漏和靜態洩漏有不錯的相關性,但在某些評估呼氣閥的情況下,靜態測試並不能完全取代動態測試,譬如閥蓋設計影響動態洩漏的效應以及呼氣閥微粒負載效應之探討,此兩種效應的探討在靜態測試方法中是無法做到的。因此即使靜態測試和動態測試有不錯的相關性,在評估呼氣閥實際使用下的效能以及研發新型呼氣閥時,動態洩漏測試還是有其必要性。 Part II 呼吸防護具為保護勞工避免接觸空氣污染物的最後一道防線,然而長時間佩帶呼吸防護具會造成面體內累積高溼度和熱而造成使用者感到不適。因此呼氣閥的設計可用來減少使用者的不適感。呼吸防護具的洩漏途徑有三種:濾材洩漏、面體密合洩漏和呼氣閥洩漏,正常情況下呼氣閥的洩漏量對總洩漏量的貢獻很小,然而需要使用高防護係數的呼吸防護具時,由於經過濾材與臉面縫隙的空氣阻抗變高,呼氣閥的洩漏就變得相對重要。現今澳洲紐西蘭所使用的規範AS/NZS 1716-1994 (Australian) 和美國的規範42CFR part 84 (USA)要求一個新的呼氣閥在負壓25毫米水柱的負壓抽引下,每分鐘的空氣洩漏率不能超過三十毫升,此規範測試方法基本上為靜態測試方法。然而為了評估呼氣閥真實使用時的洩漏且提升呼氣閥的效能,在本研究中建立了呼氣閥的動態洩漏測試系統來研發洩漏更少的新型呼氣閥,實驗結果顯示新式的呼氣閥設計可減少動態洩漏,僅使用一段空管做為閥蓋就有動態洩漏減少的效應產生,且若在閥蓋內填充介質,如海綿或蜂巢板,可更加地減少動態洩漏。更進一步地藉由改變海綿的厚度和孔隙度則可大幅地提升呼氣閥的效能。此設計在本研究中應用在一個超過法規標準洩漏6倍的呼氣閥,其洩漏率可降至0.0005%,約減少其原本洩漏的99.95%,此結果點出了此新式呼氣閥的設計可確保即使呼氣閥在使用時損壞也不會讓使用者因為呼氣閥的過量洩漏而產生過量的暴露,因此在預防的觀點上,此新式呼氣閥設計能有效地保障使用者的安全。 | zh_TW |
dc.description.abstract | Part I
Respirators are commonly used to protect workers from inhaling air contaminants, especially when engineering and work practice controls fail to reduce workers’ exposure to acceptable levels. In general, there are three potential routes of leakage into respirators: filter penetration, facial seal leak and exhalation valve leak. Normally, exhalation valve leaks less compared to the other two leak routes. However, when a higher protection (more filter material and better respirator fit) is needed, the valve leakage becomes more important because of the leakage re-distribution. Current static certification test employed by USA and Australia requires leakage into new exhalation valves should not exceed 30 mL/min at a constant suction head of 25 mmH2O. This static test may not able to reflect the overall leak characteristics of exhalation valve when used under practical cyclic flow mode. Therefore, a dynamic leakage test system needs to be developed. A dynamic leakage test apparatus developed in this work consisted of an aerosol generation system, a breathing machine, and a cylinder simulating respirator cavity. The cylinder cavity was connected to aerosol chamber with an exhalation valve as the interface. With the breathing simulator functioning, the air resistance caused by the filter medium can be created by controlling the clean air flow supplied to the cylinder cavity. A condensation particle counter was used to monitor the aerosol concentration inside the cylinder cavity. The results showed the static leakage correlated well with the dynamic test data. However, the dynamic method is apparently more versatile and should not be substituted or replaced by the static test method. For example, static method cannot be used to study the effect of aerosol loading on the valve membrane and/or valve seat, which is likely to occur under cyclic flow. Also, the modification of the valve cover showed significant decrease in valve leakage, but the static test method was insensitive to the benefit. Part II Respirator is the last resort to protect workers against air contaminants. However, the accumulated heat and humidity often make wearers feel uncomfortable, especially for workers wearing respirators for a long period of time. Respirators equipped with an exhalation valve reduce the level of discomfort. In general, there are three routes of leakage on respirators, namely filter penetration, facial seal leak and exhalation valve leak. Usually, the exhalation valve leakage is the least among all potential leak pathways. Nevertheless, when a higher protection is needed, the exhalation valve leakage will become more important due to the increase of air resistance resulted from the thicker filter medium and better fit of the respirator to the wearer’s face. The static leakage test method currently employed by USA and Australia cannot reflect the leak characteristics when the respirators are used under practical cyclic flow mode. In order to characterize the leak behavior of exhalation valve under cyclic flow and design new exhalation valve, a dynamic leakage test system was built. By adding a piece of foam filter, honeycomb, or simply a tube, on top of the valve membrane, the new device was found to reduce the mass change between the clean exhaled breath and the contaminated ambient air. That means lower exhalation valve leakage, and therefore higher protection. To make the respirators user friendly, i.e., handy, portable, miniaturized, the use of highly porous materials, such as foam filters (100 ppi and above) is recommended. The used of porous materials or strengthening devices not only reduce the mass exchange but also help filter the contaminants if they are aerosol particles. The addition of this foam certainly increased the air resistance during exhalation, but the benefit is tremendous decrease in exhalation valve leakage. For example, under breathing flow of 10.5 L/min (tidal volume of 0.7 L, and breathing frequency of 15 breath/min), the maximum exhalation resistance increase from 4.8 to 6 mm H2O, a 25% increase, but the exhalation valve leakage decreased from 0.45 to 0.0005%, a 99.99% decreases by the use of the foam disc with 80 ppi and 24 mm thickness. | en |
dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-15T03:57:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ntu-99-R97841007-1.pdf: 865575 bytes, checksum: a001ea5c5f1f8a1936c25b1980fe3538 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 | en |
dc.description.tableofcontents | 1. 呼氣閥動態洩漏測試系統的研發
Part I. Development of a dynamic leakage test system for exhalation valves 摘要 i 英文摘要 ii 目錄 iii 圖目錄 v 第一章 研究緣起與文獻探討 1 第二章 實驗材料與方法 4 2-1 靜態洩漏測試系統與和動態洩漏測試系統 4 2-2 氣膠的產生與呼氣閥的選用 5 第三章 實驗結果和討論 6 3-1 呼氣閥的靜態洩漏率 6 3-2 動態洩漏測試系統的建立 6 3-3 靜態洩漏與動態洩漏的比較和關係 7 3-4 動態洩漏測試方法的優點 9 第四章 結論與建議 10 第五章 參考文獻 11 2. 呼吸防護具新式高保護係數呼氣閥之研發 Part II. Development of a Novel High Protection Exhalation Valve for Respirator 摘要 I 英文摘要 II 第一章 研究緣起與文獻探討 23 第二章 實驗材料與方法 25 2-1 靜態洩漏測試系統與動態洩漏測試系統 25 2-2 氣膠的產生與呼氣閥的選取 26 第三章 實驗結果和討論 28 3-1 原廠閥蓋的保護效應 28 3-2 新式呼氣閥設計及其保護效應的探討 28 3-3 新式呼氣閥的優缺點 30 3-4 新式呼氣閥設計的應用 30 第四章 結論與建議 32 第五章 參考文獻 34 圖目錄 1. 呼氣閥動態洩漏測試系統的研發 Part I. Development of a dynamic leakage test system for exhalation valves Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the static leakage test meter. 13 Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the dynamic leakage test system. 14 Fig. 3. Static leakage rates (Qs) of four valves as a function of pressure drop. 15 Fig. 4. The flow rate fluctuations of different CPC models due to pressure variation. 16 Fig. 5. The calculation method of dynamic leakage (pad) using valve A1 as an example. 17 Fig. 6. The effects resulting from distance (X) on pad as a function of Pinhale, max. 18 Fig. 7. The dynamic leakage (pad) of four valves as a function of Pinhale, max. 19 Fig. 8. Laerosol and Lstatic under different breathing conditions. 20 Fig. 9. The comparisons between Laerosol and Lstatic based on breathing flow rates. 21 Fig. 10. The static and dynamic leakage of three kinds of combinations on valve cover as a function of pressure drop. 22 2. 呼吸防護具新式高保護係數呼氣閥之研發 Part II. Development of a Novel High Protection Exhalation Valve for Respirator Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the dynamic leakage test system. 35 Fig. 2. Original cover effect on dynamic leakage (pad) as a function of Pinhale, max. 36 Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of the design of novel exhalation valve. 37 Fig. 4. The effect of cover length (Lc) and installed matrix on reducing pad. 38 Fig. 5. The effect of foam porosity and thickness on reducing pad toward valve A. 39 Fig. 6. The effect of foam porosity and thickness on reducing pad toward valve B. 40 Fig. 8. The relationship between the increased exhalation resistance and the reduced pad. 42 Fig. 9. The combinations of 95% pad reduction on valve A and valve B with the novel design of exhalation valve cover. 43 | |
dc.language.iso | zh-TW | |
dc.title | 1. 呼氣閥動態洩漏測試系統的研發 2. 呼吸防護具新式高保護係數呼氣閥之研發 | zh_TW |
dc.title | Part I. Development of a dynamic leakage test system for exhalation valves Part II. Development of a Novel High Protection Exhalation Valve for Respirator | en |
dc.type | Thesis | |
dc.date.schoolyear | 98-2 | |
dc.description.degree | 碩士 | |
dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 鄭福田,蔡朋枝,黃耀輝,張振平 | |
dc.subject.keyword | 呼氣閥,靜態測試,動態測試,靜態洩漏,動態洩漏, | zh_TW |
dc.subject.keyword | exhalation valve,static test,dynamic test,static leakage,dynamic leakage, | en |
dc.relation.page | 43 | |
dc.rights.note | 有償授權 | |
dc.date.accepted | 2010-06-14 | |
dc.contributor.author-college | 公共衛生學院 | zh_TW |
dc.contributor.author-dept | 職業醫學與工業衛生研究所 | zh_TW |
顯示於系所單位: | 職業醫學與工業衛生研究所 |
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