請用此 Handle URI 來引用此文件:
http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/44874
完整後設資料紀錄
DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
---|---|---|
dc.contributor.advisor | 簡國龍 | |
dc.contributor.author | Chao-Lun Lai | en |
dc.contributor.author | 賴超倫 | zh_TW |
dc.date.accessioned | 2021-06-15T03:57:03Z | - |
dc.date.available | 2012-09-09 | |
dc.date.copyright | 2010-09-09 | |
dc.date.issued | 2010 | |
dc.date.submitted | 2010-06-17 | |
dc.identifier.citation | 參考文獻 - 中文
行政院衛生署(2009). 97年衛生統計指標。 參考文獻 - 英文 Allaire E, Schneider F, Saucy F, Dai J, Cochennec F, Michineau S, Zidi M, Becquemin JP, Kirsch M and Gervais M (2009). New Insight in Aetiopathogenesis of Aortic Diseases. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 37(5): 531-537. Ariyarajah V, Kranis M, Apiyasawat S and Spodick DH (2007). Association of Myocardial Ischemia and Coronary Angiographic Lesions With Increased Left Atrial Dimension During Exercise Tolerance Tests Among Patients Without Known Coronary Heart Disease. Am J Cardiol 99(9): 1187-1192. Ayer JGJ, Almafragy HS, Patel AA, Hellyer RL and Celermajer DS (2008). Body Mass Index is an Independent Determinant of Left Atrial Size. Heart Lung Circ 17(1): 19-24. Bangalore S, Yao SS and Chaudhry FA (2007). Role of Left Atrial Size in Risk Stratification and Prognosis of Patients Undergoing Stress Echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 50(13): 1254-1262. Bayes-Genis A, Vazquez R, Puig T, Fernandez-Palomeque C, Fabregat J, Bardaji A, Pascual-Figal D, Ordonez-Llanos J, Valdes M, Gabarrus A, Pavon R, Pastor L, Gonzalez Juanatey JR, Almendral J, Fiol M, Nieto V, Macaya C, Cinca J, Bayes de Luna A and for the MUSIC Study Group (2007). Left atrial enlargement and NT-proBNP as predictors of sudden cardiac death in patients with heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 9(8): 802-807. Benjamin EJ, Levy D, Vaziri SM, D'Agostino RB, Belanger AJ and Wolf PA (1994). Independent Risk Factors for Atrial Fibrillation in a Population-Based Cohort: The Framingham Heart Study. JAMA 271(11): 840-844. Benjamin EJ, D'Agostino RB, Belanger AJ, Wolf PA and Levy D (1995). Left Atrial Size and the Risk of Stroke and Death : The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 92(4): 835-841. Bewick V, Cheek L and Ball J (2004). Statistics review 13: receiver operating characteristic curves. Crit Care 8(6): 508-512. Casale PN, Devereux RB, Milner M, Zullo G, Harshfield GA, Pickering TG and Laragh JH (1986). Value of echocardiographic measurement of left ventricular mass in predicting cardiovascular morbid events in hypertensive men. Ann Intern Med 105(2): 173-178. Chen CH, Ting CT, Lin SJ, Hsu TL, Ho SJ, Chou P, Chang MS, O'Connor F, Spurgeon H, Lakatta E and Yin FC (1998). Which arterial and cardiac parameters best predict left ventricular mass? Circulation 98(5): 422-428. Chien KL, Lee YT, Sung FC, Hsu HC, Su TC and Lin RS (1999a). Hyperinsulinemia and related atherosclerotic risk factors in the population at cardiovascular risk: a community-based study. Clin Chem 45(6 Pt 1): 838-846. Chien KL, Lee YT, Sung FC, Su TC, Hsu HC and Lin RS (1999b). Lipoprotein (a) level in the population in Taiwan: relationship to sociodemographic and atherosclerotic risk factors. Atherosclerosis 143(2): 267-273. Chien KL, Sung FC, Hsu HC, Su TC and Lee YT (2001). Left ventricular mass and correlated atherosclerotic risk factors in young adolescents: report from Chin-Shan community cardiovascular study in Taiwan. Atherosclerosis 155(2): 431-437. Chien KL, Su TC, Hsu HC, Chang WT, Chen PC, Chen MF and Lee YT (2008). Atrial fibrillation prevalence, incidence and risk of stroke and all-cause death among Chinese. Int J Cardiol: DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.10.045. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL, Jr., Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JT, Jr., Roccella EJ and the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee (2003). Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension 42(6): 1206-1252. Conroy RM, Pyörälä K, Fitzgerald AP, Sans S, Menotti A, De Backer G, De Bacquer D, Ducimetière P, Jousilahti P, Keil U, Njølstad I, Oganov RG, Thomsen T, Tunstall-Pedoe H, Tverdal A, Wedel H, Whincup P, Wilhelmsen L and Graham IM (2003). Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project. Eur Heart J 24(11): 987-1003. Cuspidi C, Meani S, Valerio C, Esposito A, Sala C, Maisaidi M, Zanchetti A and Mancia G (2007). Ambulatory blood pressure, target organ damage and aortic root size in never-treated essential hypertensive patients. J Hum Hypertens 21(7): 531-538. Daimon M, Watanabe H, Abe Y, Hirata K, Hozumi T, Ishii K, Ito H, Iwakura K, Izumi C, Matsuzaki M, Minagoe S, Abe H, Murata K, Nakatani S, Negishi K, Yoshida K, Tanabe K, Tanaka N, Tokai K, Yoshikawa J and for the JAMP Study Investigators (2008). Normal values of echocardiographic parameters in relation to age in a healthy Japanese population: the JAMP study. Circ J 72(11): 1859-66. de Simone G, Daniels SR, Devereux RB, Meyer RA, Roman MJ, de Divitiis O and Alderman MH (1992). Left ventricular mass and body size in normotensive children and adults: assessment of allometric relations and impact of overweight. J Am Coll Cardiol 20(5): 1251-1260. de Simone G, Kizer JR, Chinali M, Roman MJ, Bella JN, Best LG, Lee ET and Devereux RB (2005). Normalization for body size and population-attributable risk of left ventricular hypertrophy. The Strong Heart Study. Am J Hypertens 18(2): 191-196. de Simone G, Gottdiener JS, Chinali M and Maurer MS (2008). Left ventricular mass predicts heart failure not related to previous myocardial infarction: the Cardiovascular Health Study. Eur Heart J 29(6): 741-747. Devereux RB and Reichek N (1977). Echocardiographic determination of left ventricular mass in man. Anatomic validation of the method. Circulation 55(4): 613-618. Devereux RB, Alonso DR, Lutas EM, Gottlieb GJ, Campo E, Sachs I and Reichek N (1986). Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular hypertrophy: comparison to necropsy findings. Am J Cardiol 57(6): 450-458. Devereux RB and Roman MJ (1999). Left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension: stimuli, patterns, and consequences. Hypertens Res 22(1): 1-9. Devereux RB, Roman MJ, Palmieri V, Liu JE, Lee ET, Best LG, Fabsitz RR, Rodeheffer RJ and Howard BV (2003). Prognostic implications of ejection fraction from linear echocardiographic dimensions: the Strong Heart Study. Am Heart J 146(3): 527-534. Devereux RB, Wachtell K, Gerdts E, Boman K, Nieminen MS, Papademetriou V, Rokkedal J, Harris K, Aurup P and Dahlof B (2004). Prognostic significance of left ventricular mass change during treatment of hypertension. JAMA 292(19): 2350-2356. Di Tullio MR, Sacco RL, Sciacca RR and Homma S (1999). Left Atrial Size and the Risk of Ischemic Stroke in an Ethnically Mixed Population. Stroke 30(10): 2019-2024. Dubois D and Dubois EF (1916). A formula to estimate the approximate surface area if height and weight be known. Arch Intern Med 17: 863-871. Durrleman S and Simon R (1989). Flexible regression models with cubic splines. Stat Med 8(5): 551-561. Farasat SM, Morrell CH, Scuteri A, Ting CT, Yin FCP, Spurgeon HA, Chen CH, Lakatta EG and Najjar SS (2008a). Pulse pressure is inversely related to aortic root diameter. Implications for the pathogenesis of systolic hypertension. Hypertension 51(2): 196-202. Farasat SM, Morrell CH, Scuteri A, Ting CT, Yin FCP, Spurgeon HA, Chen CH, Lakatta EG and Najjar SS (2008b). Do hypertensive individuals have enlarged aortic root diameters? Insights from studying the various subtypes of hypertension. Am J Hypertens 21(5): 558-563. Gardin JM, McClelland R, Kitzman D, Lima JAC, Bommer W, Klopfenstein HS, Wong ND, Smith V-E and Gottdiener J (2001). M-mode echocardiographic predictors of six- to seven-year incidence of coronary heart disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, and mortality in an elderly cohort (the Cardiovascular Health Study). Am J Cardiol 87(9): 1051-1057. Gardin JM, Arnold AM, Polak J, Jackson S, Smith V and Gottdiener J (2006). Usefulness of aortic root dimension in persons > or = 65 years of age in predicting heart failure, stroke, cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality and acute myocardial infarction (from the Cardiovascular Health Study). Am J Cardiol 97(2): 270-275. Gerdts E, Oikarinen L, Palmieri V, Otterstad JE, Wachtell K, Boman K, Dahlof B and Devereux RB (2002). Correlates of Left Atrial Size in Hypertensive Patients With Left Ventricular Hypertrophy: The Losartan Intervention For Endpoint Reduction in Hypertension (LIFE) Study. Hypertension 39(3): 739-743. Gerdts E, Wachtell K, Omvik P, Otterstad JE, Oikarinen L, Boman K, Dahlof B and Devereux RB (2007). Left Atrial Size and Risk of Major Cardiovascular Events During Antihypertensive Treatment: Losartan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction in Hypertension Trial. Hypertension 49(2): 311-316. Ghali JK, Liao Y, Simmons B, Castaner A, Cao G and Cooper RS (1992). The prognostic role of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with or without coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med 117(10): 831-836. Go AS, Hylek EM, Phillips KA, Chang Y, Henault LE, Selby JV and Singer DE (2001). Prevalence of Diagnosed Atrial Fibrillation in Adults: National Implications for Rhythm Management and Stroke Prevention: the AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors In Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study. JAMA 285(18): 2370-2375. Hammond IW, Devereux RB, Alderman MH, Lutas EM, Spitzer MC, Crowley JS and Laragh JH (1986). The prevalence and correlates of echocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy among employed patients with uncomplicated hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 7(3): 639-650. Hart RG and Halperin JL (1999). Atrial Fibrillation and Thromboembolism: A Decade of Progress in Stroke Prevention. Ann Intern Med 131(9): 688-695. Helfand M, Buckley DI, Freeman M, Fu R, Rogers K, Fleming C and Humphrey LL (2009). Emerging Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease: A Summary of Systematic Reviews Conducted for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 151(7): 496-507. Huang CH, Chien KL, Chen WJ, Sung FC, Hsu HC, Su TC and Lee YT (2007). Impact of heart failure and left ventricular function on long-term survival--report of a community-based cohort study in Taiwan. Eur J Heart Fail 9(6-7): 587-593. Ingelsson E, Pencina MJ, Levy D, Aragam J, Mitchell GF, Benjamin EJ and Vasan RS (2008). Aortic root diameter and longitudinal blood pressure tracking. Hypertension 52(3): 473-477. Khouri SJ, Maly GT, Suh DD and Walsh TE (2004). A practical approach to the echocardiographic evaluation of diastolic function. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 17(3): 290-297. Kim BS, Lee HJ, Kim JH, Jang HS, Bae BS, Kang HJ, Lee BR and Jung BC (2009). Relationship between left atrial size and stroke in patients with sinus rhythm and preserved systolic function. Korean J Intern Med 24(1): 24-32. Kizer JR, Bella JN, Palmieri V, Liu JE, Best LG, Lee ET, Roman MJ and Devereux RB (2006). Left atrial diameter as an independent predictor of first clinical cardiovascular events in middle-aged and elderly adults: The Strong Heart Study (SHS). Am Heart J 151(2): 412-418. Koren MJ, Devereux RB, Casale PN, Savage DD and Laragh JH (1991). Relation of left ventricular mass and geometry to morbidity and mortality in uncomplicated essential hypertension. Ann Intern Med 114(5): 345-352. Krishnamoorthy VK, Sengupta PP, Gentile F and Khandheria BK (2007). History of echocardiography and its future applications in medicine. Crit Care Med 35(8 Suppl): S309-S313 Laukkanen JA, Kurl S, Eranen J, Huttunen M and Salonen JT (2005). Left Atrium Size and the Risk of Cardiovascular Death in Middle-aged Men. Arch Intern Med 165(15): 1788-1793. Lee YT, Lin RS, Sung FC, Yang CY, Chien KL, Chen WJ, Su TC, Hsu HC and Huang YC (2000). Chin-Shan Community Cardiovascular Cohort in Taiwan-baseline data and five-year follow-up morbidity and mortality. J Clin Epidemiol 53(8): 838-846. Levy D, Anderson KM, Savage DD, Balkus SA, Kannel WB and Castelli WP (1987a). Risk of ventricular arrhythmias in left ventricular hypertrophy: the Framingham Heart Study. Am J Cardiol 60(7): 560-565. Levy D, Savage DD, Garrison RJ, Anderson KM, Kannel WB and Castelli WP (1987b). Echocardiographic criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy: the Framingham Heart Study. Am J Cardiol 59(9): 956-960. Levy D, Anderson KM, Savage DD, Kannel WB, Christiansen JC and Castelli WP (1988). Echocardiographically detected left ventricular hypertrophy: Prevalence and risk factors. Ann Intern Med 108(1): 7-13. Levy D, Garrison RJ, Savage DD, Kannel WB and Castelli WP (1989). Left ventricular mass and incidence of coronary heart disease in an elderly cohort. Ann Intern Med 110(2): 101-107. Levy D, Garrison RJ, Savage DD, Kannel WB and Castelli WP (1990). Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study. New Engl J Med 322(22): 1561-1566. Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R and Collins R (2002). Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet 360(9349): 1903. Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT and Murray CJL (2006). Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet 367(9524): 1747-1757. Marcus R, Krause L, Weder AB, Dominguez-Meja A, Schork NJ and Julius S (1994). Sex-specific determinants of increased left ventricular mass in the Tecumseh Blood Pressure Study. Circulation 90(2): 928-936. Mont L, Tamborero D, Elosua R, Molina I, Coll-Vinent B, Sitges M, Vidal B, Scalise A, Tejeira A, Berruezo A, Brugada J and on behalf of the GIRAFA Investigators (2008). Physical activity, height, and left atrial size are independent risk factors for lone atrial fibrillation in middle-aged healthy individuals. Europace 10(1): 15-20. Muiesan ML, Salvetti M, Rizzoni D, Castellano M, Donato F and Agabiti-Rosei E (1995). Association of change in left ventricular mass with prognosis during long-term antihypertensive treatment. J Hypertens 13(10): 1091-1095. Muiesan ML, Salvetti M, Paini A, Monteduro C, Galbassini G, Bonzi B, Poisa P, Belotti E, Agabiti Rosei C, Rizzoni D, Castellano M and Agabiti Rosei E (2007). Inappropriate left ventricular mass changes during treatment adversely affects cardiovascular prognosis in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 49(5): 1077-1083. Nagarajarao HS, Penman AD, Taylor HA, Mosley TH, Butler K, Skelton TN, Samdarshi TE, Aru G and Fox ER (2008). The Predictive Value of Left Atrial Size for Incident Ischemic Stroke and All-Cause Mortality in African Americans: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Stroke 39(10): 2701-2706. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) (2002). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) Final Report. Circulation 106(25): 3143-3421. Ohya Y, Abe I, Fujii K, Ohmori S, Onaka U, Kobayashi K and Fujishima M (1996). Hyperinsulinemia and left ventricular geometry in a work-site population in Japan. Hypertension 27(3 Pt 2): 729-734. Olshansky B, Heller EN, Mitchell LB, Chandler M, Slater W, Green M, Brodsky M, Barrell P and Greene HL (2005). Are Transthoracic Echocardiographic Parameters Associated With Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence or Stroke?: Results From the Atrial Fibrillation Follow-Up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 45(12): 2026-2033. Palmieri V, de Simone G, Roman MJ, Schwartz JE, Pickering TG and Devereux RB (1999). Ambulatory blood pressure and metabolic abnormalities in hypertensive subjects with inappropriately high left ventricular mass. Hypertension 34(5): 1032-1040. Palmieri V, Bella JN, Arnett DK, Roman MJ, Oberman A, Kitzman DW, Hopkins PN, Paranicas M, Rao DC and Devereux RB (2001). Aortic root dilatation at sinuses of valsalva and aortic regurgitation in hypertensive and normotensive subjects: The Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network Study. Hypertension 37(5): 1229-1235. Parkash R, Green MS, Kerr CR, Connolly SJ, Klein GJ, Sheldon R, Talajic M, Dorian P and Humphries KH (2004). The association of left atrial size and occurrence of atrial fibrillation: A prospective cohort study from the Canadian Registry of Atrial Fibrillation. Am Heart J 148(4): 649-654. Pencina MJ, D'Agostino RB, Sr, D'Agostino RB, Jr and Vasan RS (2008). Evaluating the added predictive ability of a new marker: From area under the ROC curve to reclassification and beyond. Statist Med 27(2): 157-172. Pritchett AM, Jacobsen SJ, Mahoney DW, Rodeheffer RJ, Bailey KR and Redfield MM (2003). Left atrial volume as an index of left atrial size: a population-based study. J Am Coll Cardiol 41(6): 1036-1043. Roman MJ, Pickering TG, Schwartz JE, Pini R and Devereux RB (1995). Association of carotid atherosclerosis and left ventricular hypertrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol 25(1): 83-90. Rosamond W, Flegal K, Friday G, Furie K, Go A, Greenlund K, Haase N, Ho M, Howard V, Kissela B, Kittner S, Lloyd-Jones D, McDermott M, Meigs J, Moy C, Nichol G, O'Donnell CJ, Roger V, Rumsfeld J, Sorlie P, Steinberger J, Thom T, Wasserthiel-Smoller S and Hong Y (2007). Heart disease and stroke statistics--2007 Update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation 115(5): e69-e171. Sahn DJ, DeMaria A, Kisslo J and Weyman A (1978). Recommendations regarding quantitation in M-mode echocardiography: results of a survey of echocardiographic measurements. Circulation 58(6): 1072-1083. Schlendorf KH, Nasir K and Blumenthal RS (2009). Limitations of the Framingham risk score are now much clearer. Prev Med 48(2): 115-116. Sundstrom J, Lind L, Nystrom N, Zethelius B, Andren B, Hales CN and Lithell HO (2000). Left ventricular concentric remodeling rather than left ventricular hypertrophy is related to the insulin resistance syndrome in elderly men. Circulation 101(22): 2595-2600. Sundstrom J, Lind L, Arnlov J, Zethelius B, Andren B and Lithell HO (2001). Echocardiographic and electrocardiographic diagnoses of left ventricular hypertrophy predict mortality independently of each other in a population of elderly men. Circulation 103(19): 2346-2351. Teichholz LE, Kreulen T, Herman MV and Gorlin R (1976). Problems in echocardiographic volume determinations: Echocardiographic-angiographic correlations in the presence or absence of asynergy. Am J Cardiol 37(1): 7-11. Thohan V (2004). Prognostic implications of echocardiography in advanced heart failure. Curr Opin Cardiol 19(3): 238-249. Tsang TSM, Barnes ME, Bailey KR, Leibson CL, Montgomery SC, Takemoto Y, Diamond PM, Marra MA, Gersh BJ, Wiebers DO, Petty GW and Seward JB (2001). Left Atrial Volume: Important Risk Marker of Incident Atrial Fibrillation in 1655 Older Men and Women. Mayo Clin Proc 76(5): 467-475. Tsang TSM, Barnes ME, Gersh BJ, Takemoto Y, Rosales AG, Bailey KR and Seward JB (2003). Prediction of risk for first age-related cardiovascular events in an elderly population: the incremental value of echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 42(7): 1199-1205. Tsutsui JM, Dourado PMM, Elhendy A, Falcao SNRS, Goes RM, Chagas ACP, da Luz PL, Ramires JAF and Mathias Jr W (2008). Prognostic value of left atrial volume in patients who underwent dobutamine stress echocardiography for known or suspected coronary artery disease. Am Heart J 156(6): 1110-1116. Vasan RS, Larson MG and Levy D (1995). Determinants of Echocardiographic Aortic Root Size : The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 91(3): 734-740. Verdecchia P, Porcellati C, Schillaci G, Borgioni C, Ciucci A, Battistelli M, Guerrieri M, Gatteschi C, Zampi I, Santucci A, Santucci C and Reboldi G (1994). Ambulatory blood pressure. An independent predictor of prognosis in essential hypertension. Hypertension 24(6): 793-801. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C, Ciucci A, Gattobigio R, Zampi I, Reboldi G and Porcellati C (1998). Prognostic significance of serial changes in left ventricular mass in essential hypertension. Circulation 97(1): 48-54. Verdecchia P, Reboldi G, Schillaci G, Borgioni C, Ciucci A, Telera MP, Santeusanio F, Porcellati C and Brunetti P (1999). Circulating insulin and insulin growth factor-1 are independent determinants of left ventricular mass and geometry in essential hypertension. Circulation 100(17): 1802-1807. Verdecchia P, Carini G, Circo A, Dovellini E, Giovannini E, Lombardo M, Solinas P, Gorini M, Maggioni AP and the MAVI Study Group (2001). Left ventricular mass and cardiovascular morbidity in essential hypertension: the MAVI Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 38(7): 1829-1835. Wang TJ, Evans JC, Benjamin EJ, Levy D, LeRoy EC and Vasan RS (2003). Natural history of asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction in the community. Circulation 108(8): 977-982. Wolf PA, Dawber TR, Thomas HE, Jr. and Kannel WB (1978). Epidemiologic assessment of chronic atrial fibrillation and risk of stroke: The Framingham Study. Neurology 28(10): 973-977. Wolf PA, Abbott RD and Kannel WB (1991). Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: The Framingham Study. Stroke 22(8): 983-988. Wong RCC, Yip JWL, Gupta A, Yang H and Ling LH (2008). Echocardiographic left ventricular mass in a multiethnic Southeast Asian population: proposed new gender and age-specific norms. Echocardiography 25(8): 805-811. Zaca V, Galderisi M, Mondillo S, Focardi M, Ballo P and Guerrini F (2007). Left atrial enlargement as a predictor of recurrences in lone paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Can J Cardiol 23(11): 869-872. | |
dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/44874 | - |
dc.description.abstract | 背景與目標
由於心血管疾病具有高發生率與高盛行率,又是重大死因,因此如何進行心血管疾病的防治,多年來是已開發國家公共衛生上的重要課題。心臟超音波檢查,具有非侵入性、無痛無害、可反覆檢查等許多優勢,是臨床應用及流行病學研究的重要工具。本研究之主要目標在於:從心臟超音波檢查所獲得的資料中,尋找適合於罹病預測、危險分級的重要指標,以方便未來利用超音波指標,篩選出高危險族群,進行重點防治。 方法 本研究利用台灣金山社區心血管疾病世代研究(Chin-Shan Community Cardiovascular Cohort Study, CCCC Study)的資料,以世代研究(cohort study)的研究設計,分析左心室質量、左心房直徑與主動脈根部直徑,3個心臟超音波指標,與腦中風、心血管事件和總死亡事件之間的關係。針對其中具有獨立的預後預測價值的指標,界定出適用於華人族群的危險閾值。並分析在不同的次群體(如性別、年齡)間,個別指標與臨床事件之間的關係是否有所不同。 結果 在左心室質量的研究中,一共有2604名個案被納入,追蹤時間的中位數達到14.4年。在追蹤了34325人年之後,發生心血管事件的個案數為205位,453名個案死亡。左心室質量一律先以體表面積進行校正後,得到左心室質量指數(left ventricular mass index, LVMI),再將個案依LVMI平分成五等分進行分析。經由多變項回歸調整後,LVMI分層與心血管事件的發生有顯著相關:LVMI最高五等分的個案,相較於LVMI最低五等分的個案,發生心血管事件的相對危險是2.01(95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11 to 3.63)倍(p for trend = 0.001)。此外,LVMI與總死亡事件的相關性,違背了線性關係的假設(p = 0.003 for test of linearity),呈現J型曲線模式。LVMI第二個五等分的個案與LVMI第三個五等分的個案,相較於LVMI最低五等分的個案,擁有比較低的總死亡事件相對危險,其相對危險分別是0.58(95% CI, 0.40 to 0.84)倍及0.68(95% CI, 0.47 to 0.96)倍。男性與女性罹患心血管事件的共同危險閾值之LVMI為105 g/m2。 在左心房直徑的研究中,一共收納了1937名個案,追蹤了21733人年(追蹤時間中位數:11.9年)。發生腦中風的個案數為114位,此外,364名個案死亡。由統計檢定,發現身體質量指數最適於用來對左心房直徑進行體型校正,因此以身體質量指數校正後的左心房直徑指數(left atrial dimension index, LADI)進行分析。 所有個案依LADI平分成三等分。以女性而言,經由多變項回歸調整後,LADI高等分的個案,相較於LADI低等分的個案,發生腦中風的相對危險是2.44(95% CI, 1.11 to 5.36)倍(p for trend = 0.029)。不過,此相關性在加入了LVMI做為調整變項後,有明顯減弱的現象(相對危險:2.11倍, 95% CI, 0.88 to 5.02, p for trend = 0.09)。女性發生腦中風的LADI危險閾值為1.39 mm/(kg/m2)。以男性而言,LADI的分層與腦中風的發生無關。此外,不論男女,LADI的分層與總死亡事件的發生無關。 在主動脈根部直徑的研究中,共收納1851名個案,經過11.9年的追蹤,累積達20800人年,共185名個案發生心血管事件,335名個案死亡。主動脈根部直徑以體表面積進行校正後,得到主動脈根部直徑指數(aortic root dimension index, ARDI),再將個案依ARDI平分成三等分進行分析。雖然在單變項回歸模型中,ARDI與心血管事件及總死亡事件皆有相關,但是,一旦調整了性別與年齡因素後,所有的相關都變成不顯著 (心血管事件:p for trend = 0.12;總死亡事件:p for trend = 0.23)。在次群體分析則發現:在年齡<65歲的個案中,ARDI分層與總死亡事件有顯著相關。在多變項回歸模型中,ARDI高等分的個案,相較於ARDI低等分的個案,發生總死亡事件的相對危險是1.88(95% CI, 1.04 to 3.40)倍(p for trend = 0.037)。發生總死亡事件的ARDI危險閾值為18.0 mm/m2。相反地,在年齡>=65歲的個案中,ARDI分層與總死亡事件無關(p for trend = 0.14)。不論年齡層高低,ARDI的分層與心血管事件的發生無關。 結論 本研究以台灣金山地區成年華人族群為研究對象,發現:左心室質量指數與心血管事件的發生,呈線性相關;而與總死亡事件的發生,呈現J型曲線相關。左心房直徑指數與女性個案罹患腦中風的危險性呈正相關。另外,針對年齡<65歲的個案,主動脈根部直徑指數與總死亡事件呈顯著的正相關。此三個心臟超音波指標,與臨床事件具有顯著的相關性,可以做為進一步發展臨床事件預測模型的基礎。 | zh_TW |
dc.description.abstract | Background and Objectives:
Because of the great burden of cardiovascular deaths, prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases are important in developed countries. Echocardiography possesses the advantage of non-invasiveness and rapid acquisition of parameters about cardiac function. Several population studies have investigated the predictive value of echocardiographic measures for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. However, some issues including the methods of indexation of echocardiographic parameters are not clarified in the literature. This research was proposed to investigate the relationship between different echocardiographic parameters and clinical outcomes in an ethnic Chinese population. Methods: We recruited participants in the Chin-Shan Community Cardiovascular Cohort (CCCC) study who had received echocardiography without previous cardiovascular events as the study population. Three echocardiographic parameters, including left ventricular mass, left atrial dimension and aortic root dimension, were measured through two different sessions of echocardiographic examinations on 1992~1993 and 1994~1995. The end-points were all-cause death and incident cardiovascular events including coronary heart disease and stroke. We proposed to define the best cut-off values for good clinical predictors for risk stratification in our ethnic Chinese population and to test the different prediction power of individual predictor among different subgroups. Results: We evaluated 2604 participants in the sub-study concerning left ventricular mass. By the end of 2005, with a median follow-up of 14.4 years, 34325 person-years were accrued. We identified 205 participants with cardiovascular events and 453 deaths. We used body surface area as the indexation to calculate left ventricular mass index (LVMI). The results of multivariate Cox regression analysis showed a linear relationship between LVMI and cardiovascular events. The adjusted relative risk was 2.01 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11 to 3.63) for the highest quintile of LVMI compared with the lowest quintile (p for trend = 0.001). A J-shape relationship between LVMI and all-cause death was observed, with the test for a linear relationship being rejected (p = 0.003). The adjusted relative risks of all-cause death were significantly lower for the second quintile of LVMI (0.58, 95% CI, 0.40 to 0.84) and for the third quintile of LVMI (0.68, 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.96), compared with the lowest quintile. The proposed cut-off value of LVMI was 105 g/m2 for prediction of cardiovascular events in both genders. Concerning the sub-study of left atrial dimension, 1937 subjects were included and 21733 person-years were accrued during a median follow-up of 11.9 years. We identified 114 subjects with stroke and 364 with all-cause death. We found that the best method of indexation was to divide left atrial dimension by body mass index to obtain left atrial dimension index (LADI). In women, the relative risk of stroke was 2.44 (95% CI, 1.11 to 5.36, p for trend = 0.029) among participants in the upper tertile of LADI compared with participants in the lower tertile of LADI after multivariate adjustment. However, further adjustment for left ventricular mass index attenuated the relation of LADI to stroke (relative risk: 2.11, 95% CI, 0.88 to 5.02, p for trend = 0.09). The proposed cut-off value of LADI was 1.39 mm/(kg/m2) for prediction of stroke in women. In men, tertiles of LADI was not associated with stroke. Besides, LADI was not associated with the risk of all-cause death in both genders. In the sub-study of aortic root dimension, we enrolled 1851 subjects with a median follow-up of 11.9 years. In 20800 person-years of follow-up, 185 subjects were diagnosed as having cardiovascular events and 335 subjects died during the follow-up period. We indexed aortic root dimension by body surface area to obtain aortic root dimension index (ARDI). Although tertiles of ARDI was associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause death in univariate analysis, the significance diminished after adjusting for both gender and age (p for trend = 0.12 for cardiovascular events; p for trend = 0.23 for all-cause death). In subgroup analysis, we found a significant association between tertiles of ARDI and risk of all-cause death in the final multivariate Cox regression model in adults < 65 years. The adjusted relative risk was 1.88 (95% CI, 1.04 to 3.40) in participants in the upper tertile of ARDI compared with participants in the lower tertile of ARDI (p for trend = 0.037). The proposed cut-off value of ARDI was 18.0 mm/m2 for prediction of all-cause death in adults < 65 years. In adults >= 65 years, tertile of ARDI was not associated with all-cause death (p for trend = 0.14). Tertiles of ARDI was not associated with cardiovascular events throughout this study. Conclusions: In this ethnic Chinese cohort study, we demonstrated a linear relationship between LVMI and cardiovascular events, and a J-shape relationship between LVMI and all-cause death. An association between increased LADI and incident stroke in women rather than in men was established. Besides, we found a significant association between ARDI and all-cause death in adults aged < 65 years. Since LVMI, LADI, and ARDI were significantly related with clinical outcomes, they can be enrolled into the models for prediction of clinical events in the future studies. | en |
dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-15T03:57:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ntu-99-F94846001-1.pdf: 1690995 bytes, checksum: eb666bad55f2718a94d87e16aee647d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 | en |
dc.description.tableofcontents | 目錄 頁數
口試委員會審定書 I 序言 III 中文摘要 V 英文摘要 VIII 目錄 XII 表目錄 XVI 圖目錄 XIX 英文縮寫對照表 XXII 附錄 與此研究有關之已發表著作 XXIV 第一章 研究背景 1 第一節 心血管疾病的重要性 1 第二節 心臟超音波簡介 2 第三節 本研究所欲探討的心臟超音波指標及其生理意義 3 1.3.1 左心室質量 3 1.3.2 左心房直徑 4 1.3.3 主動脈根部直徑 5 第二章 文獻回顧 7 第一節 左心室質量 7 第二節 左心房直徑 8 第三節 主動脈根部直徑 9 第四節 文獻回顧的總結 10 第三章 研究假說與目的 11 第四章 研究方法 12 第一節 金山社區心血管疾病世代研究(CHIN-SHAN COMMUNITY CARDIOVASCULAR COHORT STUDY, CCCC STUDY)簡介 12 4.1.1 基本資料收集 12 4.1.2 前瞻性追蹤 12 第二節 個案選取 13 4.2.1 左心室質量 13 4.2.2 左心房直徑 13 4.2.3 主動脈根部直徑 14 第三節 預測因子(自變項)的測量與校正 14 4.3.1 心臟超音波檢查方法 14 4.3.2 校正因子 15 4.3.3 左心室質量 15 4.3.4 左心房直徑 16 4.3.5 主動脈根部直徑 16 第四節 臨床事件(依變項)的定義,登錄與確認 16 4.4.1 事件的登錄與確認 17 4.4.2 心血管事件定義 17 4.4.3 總死亡事件定義 17 4.4.4 追蹤時間 18 第五節 共變數 18 第六節 統計方法 19 4.6.1 樣本數計算與研究個案的分層 19 4.6.2 檢定力估算 20 4.6.3 不同校正因子的比較與選擇 21 4.6.4 共變數的描述分析 23 4.6.5 各項臨床事件的發生率 23 4.6.6 不同心臟超音波指標與各項臨床終點的關係 23 4.6.7 線性關係之檢定 24 4.6.8 危險閾值的界定 25 4.6.9 次群體分析 25 4.6.10 統計顯著水準與統計軟體 25 第五章 結果 27 第一節 左心室質量 27 5.1.1 個案特性描述 27 5.1.2 臨床事件發生率 27 5.1.3 Proportional hazards assumption之檢定 28 5.1.4 Cox proportional hazards models 28 5.1.5危險閾值的界定 29 5.1.6 次群體分析 29 第二節 左心房直徑 30 5.2.1不同校正因子的比較與選擇 30 5.2.2 個案特性描述 31 5.2.3 臨床事件發生率 31 5.2.4 Proportional hazards assumption之檢定 32 5.2.5 Cox proportional hazards models 32 5.2.6 次群體分析 33 5.2.7危險閾值的界定 34 第三節 主動脈根部直徑 34 5.3.1 個案特性描述 34 5.3.2 臨床事件發生率 35 5.3.3 Proportional hazards assumption之檢定 36 5.3.4 Cox proportional hazards models 36 5.3.5 次群體分析 37 5.3.6危險閾值的界定 38 第六章 討論 39 第一節 左心室質量 39 第二節 左心房直徑 41 第三節 主動脈根部直徑 45 第四節 研究限制 47 第五節 未來研究方向 48 第六節 結論 48 參考文獻 - 中文 49 參考文獻 - 英文 50 | |
dc.language.iso | zh-TW | |
dc.title | 心臟超音波指標與心血管事件及總死亡事件之相關探討 – 華人社區民眾世代追蹤研究 | zh_TW |
dc.title | Echocardiographic Parameters and the risk of Cardiovascular Events and All-Cause Death - A Longitudinal Cohort Study in An Ethnic Chinese Community | en |
dc.type | Thesis | |
dc.date.schoolyear | 98-2 | |
dc.description.degree | 博士 | |
dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 李源德,陳明豐,賴美淑,李文宗,宋鴻樟,程蘊菁 | |
dc.subject.keyword | 心臟超音波,危險因子,心血管疾病,腦中風,死亡, | zh_TW |
dc.subject.keyword | cardiovascular diseases,echocardiography,mortality,risk factors,stroke, | en |
dc.relation.page | 180 | |
dc.rights.note | 有償授權 | |
dc.date.accepted | 2010-06-17 | |
dc.contributor.author-college | 公共衛生學院 | zh_TW |
dc.contributor.author-dept | 預防醫學研究所 | zh_TW |
顯示於系所單位: | 流行病學與預防醫學研究所 |
文件中的檔案:
檔案 | 大小 | 格式 | |
---|---|---|---|
ntu-99-1.pdf 目前未授權公開取用 | 1.65 MB | Adobe PDF |
系統中的文件,除了特別指名其著作權條款之外,均受到著作權保護,並且保留所有的權利。