請用此 Handle URI 來引用此文件:
http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/44854
標題: | 台灣地區鉛之物質流分析與環境衝擊評估 Material Flow Analysis and Environmental Impact Assessment of Lead in Taiwan |
作者: | Chi-Hui Chang 張琪惠 |
指導教授: | 馬鴻文 |
關鍵字: | 鉛,物質流分析,生命週期衝擊評估,USEtox, Lead,Substance flow analysis,Life cycle impact assessment,USEtox, |
出版年 : | 2010 |
學位: | 碩士 |
摘要: | 鉛為台灣地區使用量最大的重金屬之一,卻屬於毒性有害物質,故本研究藉由物質流分析方法來量化鉛在台灣地區之流佈情況,了解台灣地區鉛之使用情況,並找出環境鉛排放之熱點,並透過物質流分析與生命週期衝擊評估結合,將鉛之環境排放利用 USEtox 衝擊評估模式轉換為人體健康與水體毒性衝擊,作為鉛物質管理之參考依據。
研究結果顯示台灣本島並無鉛原料之生產,鉛原料主要仰賴進口,2008年總鉛進口量約為 137,255 公噸。台灣地區主要鉛產品為鉛蓄電池(佔 43.8%),其次為鉛金屬或其他合金之相關零組件製品(佔22.5%),再者為電子零組件(佔8.1%)。產業之鉛需求量較高者為其他金屬、電力設備以及化學材料等三個產業,其他金屬業與化學材料業為製造其他產業所需求之鉛金屬、鉛金屬製品、鉛酸鹽或其他鉛化物等基本材料之產業,故鉛需求量較大;而電力設備業主要鉛需求為鉛蓄電池之製造及 PVC 電纜之外層需要添加鉛作為穩定劑,鉛蓄電池又為台灣地區鉛需求量最大之產品,故電力設備業之鉛需求量也較大。 鉛污染排放以廢氣、廢水、固體廢棄物三種,鉛污染排放以廢氣、廢水、固體廢棄物三種,鉛廢氣排放約 3,396 公噸、鉛廢水排放約 16 公噸、鉛固體廢棄物排放約 30,042 公噸;而投入到回收再利用階段之鉛約 111,397 公噸。空氣排放主要來自於燃煤相關製程、含鉛廢棄物燃燒以及電子零組件業使用鉛焊料之逸散排放。廢水排放以電子零組件、金屬製品、批發及零售、化學材料與電力設備之排放量較高。事業廢棄物排放以電子零組件、污染整治業之排放量最大,其次為電力設備業。 研究中以USEtox模擬鉛排放造成之人體健康與生態毒性衝擊,結果顯示人體健康特徵化因子(單位排放造成衝擊量)最大者為農業土讓之排放,其次為空氣排放,水體毒性特徵化因子以淡水水體之排放最大。但不同環境介質之鉛排放量差異性高,由衝擊結果顯示,空氣鉛排放造成之人體健康影響為最大,故建議台灣地區之鉛環境排放管制應該從空氣排放著手。 Lead is one of the most widely used heavy metals in Taiwan, but it’s toxic. In this study, material flow analysis (MFA) is used to quantify the mass flow of lead in Taiwan to understand the use of lead and find out the hot spots of lead emission. With the combination of MFA and life cycle impact assessment (LCIA), the emission of lead is associated with impact of human health and freshwater ecotoxicity as the basis for the environmental management of lead. There is no lead mineral production in Taiwan; all lead resource rely on imports and there are about 148,518 tons of lead imported in 2008. The main lead products are lead acid battery (43.8%), lead metal and alloy product (22.5%) and electronic components (8.1%). The highest lead demand industries are other metal, electrical equipment and chemical material. For the production of lead metal, lead alloy and lead compound, the demand of lead material is quite high in other metal industry and chemical material industry. And the lead material demand of electrical equipments is for the production of lead acid battery and the addictive in PVC cable as stabilizer. Since lead acid battery is the main product flow in Taiwan, the lead demand of electrical equipment is higher than that of other industries. Lead emission includes air, effluent and solid waste. There are about 3,396 tons of lead emitted as gas, 16 tons lead emitted as effluent and 30,042 tons lead disposal as solid waste. And lead recycled amount is about 111,397 tons. Combustion of coal, incineration of lead-containing waste and the use of lead as solder are main air pollution sources. Waste water from electronic components, metal products, wholesale and retail, chemical materials and electrical equipment industries are the major lead effluent. And most lead solid waste is disposal by electronic components industry and pollution remediation industry. USEtox is used to evaluate the characteristic factor (CF) of human toxic impact and freshwater ecotoxic impact. The CF of emission to continental agriculture soil is highest for human toxic impact and CF of emission to freshwater is highest for ecotoxic impact. However, the lead emission variation among different forms is high. Thus, air emission results in highest toxic impact. To minimize the toxic impact caused by lead in Taiwan, the reduction of lead air emission is necessary. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/44854 |
全文授權: | 有償授權 |
顯示於系所單位: | 環境工程學研究所 |
文件中的檔案:
檔案 | 大小 | 格式 | |
---|---|---|---|
ntu-99-1.pdf 目前未授權公開取用 | 2.35 MB | Adobe PDF |
系統中的文件,除了特別指名其著作權條款之外,均受到著作權保護,並且保留所有的權利。