公共營建工程契約中遲延完工之問題研究--以不可歸責於承攬人為中心

Abstract

由於工程履行過程當中常存有許多不確定性以及難以預測之因素，遲延完工問題成為我國工程爭議當中比例最高之類型之一；然而，關於遲延索賠問題應如何解決卻仍未形成一定之法律原則，導致實務上爭議迭生。其中又以不可歸責於承攬人之遲延索賠爭議最為嚴重，本文因此以此作為研究中心。 在研究方法方面，本文除了針對國內實務及學說見解加以分析之外，亦對於外國法之規範情形有所著眼，具體包含其法律規定、以及常被使用之定型化契約範本如FIDIC、JCT、AIA、以及德國的VOB/B條款等。

本文經觀察後發現，遲延完工相關爭議之根源通常在於契約條款文義之不明確、或條款所定之內容不公平，而民法又缺乏直接、明確之補充規範，而導致規範不當或不足之問題發生。此因而形成承攬人於索賠過程當中的兩項主要困難。

因此，本文主要之行文目的即在於探討我國公共工程契約中例如業主單方決定展延日數條款、索賠棄權條款等與索賠相關條款之解釋及有效性；而此事實上即相當於工程契約中風險分配之問題。然而縱使將此類不公平之風險分配條款認定為無效，承攬人應依據何項規定作為其權利主張之依據仍非無疑。針對此點，本文則嘗試透過將遲延事由類型化之方式，提出更具體之實定法基礎以改善情事變更原則、誠信原則等不確定法律概念被過度濫用之狀況。最後，本文並嘗試綜合以上說明，提出一些修正上之建議，希冀我國公共工程契約法制能朝向一個更健全的方向前進。

Due to the uncertainty, unpredictable factors during the performance of the construction, delay in completion are one of the most common types of construction disputes; however, the legal principles relating to delay claims have not been well developed yet. Among all the disputes, the situation to which the contractor is not imputed is the most controversial. This thesis, accordingly, focuses on such cases. As for the research method, except the analysis based on the domestic legel cases and the opinions of the scholars, this thesis also attempts to conduct a detail analysis on the foreign construction law, including their legislation and some of the acceptable standard contracts like FIDIC, JCT, AIA, as well as VOB/B. There are two key characters of the public construction contract law in Taiwan which result in most issues relating to delayed completion. The first one is that the terms or the conditions set in a standard contract are often unclear or unfair; the second is that the governing laws like Civil Code are implicit or ambiguous in such events. To response to the above-mentioned problems, the discussion over the interpretation and the validity of the provisions which substantially involves in the risk allocation in construction project is necessary. Suppose that the provisions relating to the unfair risk allocation are void, the acceptable petitions of fair and reasonable, good faith, or change of circumstances may be referred to; however, these uncertain legal terms could result in the consequence of the violation the legal certainty rule. For this sake, this thesis intends to structure a scheme of the delay claims by categorizing the delay-causative factors to concrete the law application. At last, some revision proposals will be submitted with an aim of achieving a sound legal order for public construction contract.