在封閉式逆向供應鏈中考量回收不確定之成本效益分析-以手機回收為例

Abstract

隨著環境保護的意識抬頭，歐盟提出Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substance in Electrical and Electronic Equipment (RoHS)、Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) 和 Energy-using Products (EuP) 等法規，亞洲的日本和韓國也提出類似的法令，以加強電子產品製造商在整體供應鏈中對環境保護的責任，這些法規對產業的衝擊甚大，迫使製造商開始重視並且執行綠色供應鏈管理，從生產的原物料來源、產品製造、運送和回收作業都必需配合法規的內容，減少生產過程中有毒物質的產生和加強產品回收的責任。然而企業在執行逆向物流時會產生許多風險和不確定因素，過去有諸多學者提出，如回收品的品質、數量不確定，回收中心數量、位置不確定和存貨管理不易等因素，而在永續經營的前提之下，當企業執行逆向物流時受到法律規範和不確定因素的限制外，又要從中獲得經濟效益是件重要且困難的任務。因此，本研究以手機製造商為例，建構較符合實際情況的成本效益模型，再利用蒙地卡羅法模擬手機數量和手機回收品質，並估算製造商在執行回收作業可獲得的經濟效益，以提供企業制定決策時有所參考。經由第一階段模擬的結果，我們知道目前的手機回收作業並不符合經濟效益，除了消費者的回收觀念不足外，手機製造業者也沒有採取增加手機回收的策略，以致於目前的回收和收購數量太少，造成廢手機過多的情況；第二階段的模擬，我們增加手機回收量和收購數量，透過成本效益分析，發現經濟效益有明顯的提升，所以為了企業本身的利益和為環境保護盡一份心力下，手機製造商應該要致力於規劃和設計提高回收數量和收購數量的方法，使回收達到經濟效益和環境保護的雙重目的。

With the eco-awareness, the European Union has issued several regulations, such as Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substance in Electrical and Electronic Equipment (RoHS), Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) and Energy-using Products (EuP). Japan and Korea have also issued similar regulations in order to impose responsibilities of environmental protection on manufacturers in their supply chains. These regulations enforce indirectly enterprises to emphasize green supply chain management. When companies are engaged in the production, delivery or recycling, they have to consider how to restrict usages of hazardous material in manufacturing and carry out recycling programs. However, the green supply chain management is more complicated and involves in more uncertainties than those of the traditional supply chain management. These uncertainties are primarily caused by customers who, in turn, are suppliers in reverse supply chains. It is difficult to evaluate the quality of the returned products and to know when the customers will discard their products. For this reason, companies usually pay a little attention to recycling programs. To overcome this difficulty and help mobile phone manufacturers to evaluate whether recycling programs are beneficial to their companies, a cost-benefit model in consideration of various uncertainties in the reverse supply chain is proposed in this study. Monte Carlo Method is employed to reflect uncertainties and simulate quality and quantities of the returned products in the reverse supply chain. Numerical case studies indicate that managers of mobile phone manufacturers can make appropriate decisions on whether to carry out their recycling programs based on the proposed model.