原住民族地區觀光文化經濟與地方建構之研究-鄒族山美社區之個案

Abstract

本研究以地方文化(知識)與觀光地景生產兩研究對象，探究近年台灣原住民族地區在全球文化經濟環境中，如何以地方文化(知識)，透過文化經濟運作的策略，進行觀光地景的生產，回應市場經濟與國家政策，並且在觀光發展中，如何進行地方建構。起自於原住民族地區的特殊地理事實，其實也反應在文化經濟學與新區域地理學術的發展脈絡，本研究亟盼在地理事實和地理學理之間進行相互對話與審視。選取自主發展觀光近二十年的鄒族山美社區作為研究個案。 由於1970年代起運輸與網路的發達，全球與地方的連結，肇致文化(或異族)觀光市場的興起、資本主義與地方主義同時重視地方差異性、以及地方強調反身主體性。三者相互關連，改變了地方、文化與經濟三者的關係。台灣到了1980年代面臨經濟再結構與政治的解嚴，牽動中央與地方關係，以及衍生原住民族的社會運動，致使國家原住民族政策的調整；觸發部落族裔流動、媒體景觀的流轉與原住民族意識的建構；以及原住民族地區的文化復振與經濟發展的空間改造。 本研究的發現與結論。首先，本研究提擬原住民族地方、文化、經濟鍵連的邏輯: 依據地方文化(知識、實踐、和信仰的累積複合體)所決定的方式，檢選文化標記(資源)，經由創意與象徵的文化化過程，發展地方文化與經濟。其次，雖然邊區文化經濟發展強調內生發展、由下而上的文化自主性，然而原住民族地區的經驗研究發現(山美個案的研究)，仍需外在作用力的發揮。第三，山美社區是以地方商品化、組織調整、共享資源三者所建立的互動機制，接合市場經濟與國家體制。第四，原住民族地區文化自主性的發展，肇致另類經濟的發展，異於完全資本主義的發展方式。最後，想像山美在傳媒與網際網絡的想像世界，也激起新的社會行動與空間改造，衍生真實地方與想像地方的斷裂。 本研究無論是在原住民族地區地方文化經濟的理論意涵；地方文化與外力文化化的各自反身詮釋與作用；鑲嵌於地方文化的內外接榫機制建立與調整；原住民族文化自主性的另類經濟發展；或想像世界所揚起的新社會空間生產與作用，都與既有的相關理論與經驗進行對話與突破。

Selecting both local culture (knowledge) and tourism landscape production as object matters, this study explores how Taiwans’ aboriginal tribe responses to tourism market and government policy by applying local culture (knowledge), operating culture economy strategy, and proceeding tourism landscape production, and how they practice place construction based on the result of previously mentioned activities. This developmental process is not only the unique geographic fact of aboriginal tribe area, but also the development context of culture economy and new regional geography. Therefore, this study selected Saviki Community as study case, by which its tourism has been developed autonomously for two decades, to explore the connection between geographic facts and geography theories. Due to the uprising cultural tourism market, emphasis on the local difference by capitalism and localism, and increasing sense of local reflexive subject, the relationship among place, culture and economy under the global-local nexus has been changed and connected since 1970s. With global economy restructure and politics curfew lifting at 1980s, Taiwan government adjusted the aboriginal policies because of the transformation on the relationship between central government and local governments and the stimulation of aboriginal social movement. This process also drives aboriginal region cultural flows (ethnoscape, mediascape and ideoscape) and to make aboriginal cultural resurgence and economy development. First of all, the study proposes the connecting logic among place, culture and economy of aborigine: based on the decisiveness of local culture (an accumulative complexity of knowledge, practice and belief), cultural markers (resources) are selected to develop local culture and economy through the culturalisation of innovation and symbolization. Secondly, although the culture economy development of marginal regions emphasizes the local endogenous and bottom-up development, this study finds that it is necessary to associate outside driving forces effectively to make the concepts of local endogenous development and local culture decisiveness applicable. Thirdly, the development of Saviki community is the articulation of local culture, tourism market, and government system through interactive machine among resources sharing, place commercialization, and community organization adjustment. Fourthly, the alternative local economic development is the result of autonomic development of local culture of Saviki , which is different from the economic development of capitalism. Finally, the imagination of Saviki in imagined worlds also encourages new social movement and space reconstruction, and further induces disjuncture between reality and imagination. The contribution of this research is to dialogue and make innovation between relevant geography theories and empirical research. The discussion include the construction of spatiality of aboriginal culture economy, the interpretations and influences for both local culture and outside agency on aboriginal tourism development (culturalisation), the establishment and adjustment of internal-external articulating machine from local culture embeddness, the alternative economic development under aboriginal cultural autonomy, and the production of new social space and driving forces (influence) from imagined worlds.