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  1. NTU Theses and Dissertations Repository
  2. 理學院
  3. 物理學系
請用此 Handle URI 來引用此文件: http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/37847
完整後設資料紀錄
DC 欄位值語言
dc.contributor.advisor高涌泉 教授(Yeong-Chuan Kao, Professor)
dc.contributor.authorHsin-Yi Wangen
dc.contributor.author王馨儀zh_TW
dc.date.accessioned2021-06-13T15:47:07Z-
dc.date.available2008-07-07
dc.date.copyright2008-07-07
dc.date.issued2008
dc.date.submitted2008-06-30
dc.identifier.citation直接史料:(依年代序)
Taylor, Brook (1722-3), “An Account of an Experiment, Made to Ascertain the Proportion of the Expansion of the Liquor in the Thermometer, with Regard to the Degrees of Heat.”, LL.D. R. S. S., Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775), Vol. 32. , p291.
Ellicott, John (1735-6), “The Description and Manner of Using an Instrument for Measuring the Degrees of the Expansion of Metals by Heat.”, Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775), Vol. 39., pp. 297-299.
Smeaton, J. (1753-4), “Description of a New Pyrometer, with a Table of Experiments Made Therewith.”, Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775), Vol. 48., pp. 598-613
Wedgwood, Josiah (1782), Communicated by Sir Joseph Banks, ”An Attempt to Make a Thermometer for Measuring the Higher Degrees of Heat, from a Red Heat up to the Strongest That Vessels Made of Clay can Support.”, Bart. P. R. S., Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 72. (1782), pp. 305-326.
―—(1784), ”An Attempt to Compare and Connect the Thermometer for Strong Fire, Described in Vol. LXXII. of the Philosophical Transactions, with the Common Mercurial Ones.”, F. R. S. Potter to Her Majesty, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 74. (1784), pp. 358-384.
―—(1786), ”Additional Observations on Making a Thermometer for Measuring the Higher Degrees of Heat.”, F. R. S. and Potter to Her Majesty, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 76. (1786), pp. 390-408.
Olszewski, K. (1894 - 1895), ”The Liquefaction and Solidification of Argon. [Abstract] “, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 57, pp. 290-292.
―—(1895), “The Liquefaction and Solidification of Argon”, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. A, Vol. 186. pp. 253-259.
Dewar, James (1898), ”Liquid Hydrogen”, Science, New Series, Vol. 8, No. 183. (Jul. 1, 1898), pp. 3-6.
―—(1898-9), ”On the Boiling Point of Liquid Hydrogen under Reduced Pressure”, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 64. pp. 227-231.
―—(1898-9), “Application of Liquid Hydrogen to the Production of High Vacua, together with their Spectroscopic Examination”, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 64., pp. 231-238.
―—(1900), “Liquid Hydrogen”, Science, New Series, Vol. 11, No. 278. (Apr. 27, 1900), pp. 641-651.
―—(1901), ”The Boiling Point of Liquid Hydrogen, Determined by Hydrogen and Helium Gas Thermometers”, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 68., pp. 44-54.
―—(1904), “On Electric Resistance Thermometry at the Temperature of Boiling Hydrogen”,Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 73., pp. 244-251.
―—(1905), “On the Thermo-Electric Junction as a Means of Determining the Lowest Temperatures”, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, Vol. 76, No. 510. (Jul. 10, 1905), pp. 316-325.
Kamerlingh Onnes, H. (1913), ”Investigations into the properties of substances at low temperatures, which have led, amongst other things, to the preparation of liquid helium”, Nobel lecture, 11 December 1913, pp. 306-336.
Worthing, A. G. and Forsythe, W. E. (1914), ”Some Effects of Diffraction on Brightness Measurements Made with the Holborn-kurlbaum Optical Pyrometer”, Phys. Rev. 4 [Issue 3 – September 1914], pp. 163 – 176
Cunnold, F. A. (1935) ,”The Optical System of the Disappearing Filament Pyrometer”, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Vol. 152, No. 875 (Oct. 15, 1935), pp. 64-80
Chu, S.、Hollberg, L.、Bjorkholm, J. E.、Cable, A. and Ashkin, A. (1985), ”Three - dimensional viscous confinement and cooling of atoms by resonance radiation pressure”, Physical Review Letters, 1985,55 : 48-51
Raab, E. L.、Prentiss, M.、Cable, A.、Chu, S. and Pritchard D.E. (1987), ”Trapping of Neutral Sodium Atoms with Radiation Pressure”, Physical Review Letters, 1987, 59: 2631-2634.
Lett, P. D.、Watts, R. N.、Westbrook, C. I.、Phillips, W. D.、Gould, P. L. and Metcalf, H. J. (1988), “Observation of Atoms Laser Cooled below the Doppler Limit.”, Physical Review Letters, 1988, 61: 169-172.
間接史料:
(1) 專書:
中文著作:
吳國盛著(2002),《科學的歷程》。第二版,北京市:北大;pp. 277-279、pp. 333-340。
李吉林等編著(2005),《溫度計量》。北京:中國計量。
林聰源編著(1995),《數學史:古典篇》,凡異出版社, pp. 99-102。
科學月刊編著(2005),《諾貝爾的榮耀:物理桂冠》,第二版,台北市:天下遠見出版:大和總經銷。
曾增春編(1983),《溫度量測學》。科技圖書。
張寶鳳編著(1989),《近代低溫技術》。上海市:同濟大學出版社。
周嘉華、張黎、蘇永能著(1996),《世界化學史》。長春市:吉林教育出版社。
CH4近代化學的誕生:pp144-176;Ch5原子、分子論的確立:pp177-209;CH9物理化學的形成:pp292-326。
董光璧、田昆玉著(1994),《世界物理學史》,長春市:吉林教育出版社。
第三篇:實驗物理學的確立: pp. 202-317;第4.1章:氣體物理學與統計方法的演進: pp. 318-357。
中文譯作:
平田 寬著,陳秀蓮譯(1988),《圖說科學技術史(下)》。牛頓出版社。
Basalla, George,周光發譯(2000),《技術發展簡史》。上海市:复旦大學出版社出版,新華經銷。
Dampier,李珩譯(1992),《科學史:及其與哲學和宗教的關係》。臺北市:明文。CH3-6;pp. 155-358。
Grant, Edward,郝劉祥譯(2000),《中世紀的物理科學思想》。上海市:复旦大學出版社。
Mendelssohn,錢致榕、吳家瑋譯(1973),《低溫物理:絕對零點之探究》。中華書局。
Postman, Neil,吳韻儀譯(2000),《通往未來的過去(Building A Bridge to the Eighteenth Century)》,臺灣商務。序曲;CH1 往十八世紀之橋;CH2 進步;CH3 科技;CH4 語言;pp. 9-92。
Rothlein, Brigitte著,朱章才譯(2000),《科技革命》,臺北市:麥田出版;pp. 270-278。
Segrè, Gino,田靜如譯(2005),《溫度,決定一切》。臺北市:天下遠見出版。
日文著作:
三井淸人著(1986),《溫度のおはなし:溫度の正体とその計測》,日本規格協会。
松平 升著 (1980),《溫度と熱》。東京都:共立。
都築洋次郎編著 (1986),《科學、技術人名事典》。東京都:北樹。
渡邊啟、竹內敬人著 (1987),《化學史》,2nd ed.,東京書籍。
「溫度計測的實務」編纂委員會編(1976),《溫度計測の實務》。東京:日本工業出版社。
湯淺光朝 (1950)《解說科學文化史年表》。三版,東京市:中央公論社。西洋科學文化史:近世科學史(16世紀)~20世紀科學史;pp. 43-120。
櫻井弘久著 (1992),《溫度とは何か:測定の基準と問題》。CORONA Publishing。
英文著作:
Brush, Stephen G. (1976), The kind of motion we call heat: a history of the kinetic theory of gases in the 19th century. Amsterdam; New York: North-Holland Pub. Co.; New York: sole distributors for the U.S.A. and Canada, American Elsevier.
Chang , Hasok (2004) Inventing temperature:measurement and scientific progress. New York : Oxford University Press. Introduction pp. 3-8, Ch1 pp. 8-54, Ch 4~6 pp. 159-251。
Griffiths, Ezer(1925), Methods of measuring temperature. 2nd ed., rev. with illustrations, London : C. Griffin.
Heisenberg, Werner (1958), “Ch10 Language and Reality in Mondern Physics”, in Physics and philosophy : the revolution in modern science, New York : Harper; pp. 167-186.
(―—,范岱年譯 (1996),〈現代物理學中的語言與實在〉,《物理學與哲學:現代科學中的革命)》,凡異出版社;pp. 107-135。
Michalski, L.、Eckersdorf, K. and McGhee, J. (1991), Temperature measurement. Chichester, West Sussex, England ; New York : J. Wiley.
McGee, Thomas D. (1988) Principles and Methods of Temperature Measurement, New York : Wiley.
Middleton, W. E. Knowles(1966) , A history of the thermometer and its use in meteorology. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. Ch 1~5, pp. 1-148;Ch 8, pp. 177-182。
Quinn, T.J. (1983), Temperature. London ; New York : Academic Press.
Reif, F.(1965), Fundamentals of statistical and thermal physics, New York : McGraw - Hill ; Ch 11 Magnetism and low temperatures, pp. 438-459.
Schooley, James F.(1986), Thermometry. Boca Raton, Fla. : CRC Press.
Truesdell, C. (1980) The tragicomical history of thermodynamics, 1822-1854. New York : Springer – Verlag.
―—(1984), Rational thermodynamics. 2nd ed. with an appendix by C.-C, Wang, corr. and enl., New York: Springer-Verlag.
Wolf, Abraham (1952), A history of science technology, and philosophy in the 18th century,2nd Edition revised by Dr. McKie, D.Sc,London : Allen & Unwin. Ch8 Physics:Heat: pp. 176-212;Ch11 Meteorology: pp. 274-302;Ch12 Meteorological Instruments A. Thermometers: pp. 306-319;Ch13&14 Chemistry A.B.C.: pp. 342-375;Ch19 Medicine pp. 478-497;Ch20 Technology:I. General: pp. 498-501;Ch29 The Social Science II. Demography: pp. 700-713。
(―—,周昌忠等譯(1991)《十八世紀科學、技術與哲學史》。北京市:商務。Ch8: pp. 189-233;Ch11: pp. 311-343;Ch12: pp. 348-362;Ch13&14: pp. 390-427;Ch:19 pp. 557-581;Ch20: pp. 582-586;Ch29: pp. 844-859。)
Wolf, Abraham (1959) , A history of science technology, and philosophy in the 16th and 17th centuries, 2nd Edition, New York : Harper & Brothers。Ch1 Modern Science: pp. 1-10;Ch4 Scientific Academies: pp. 54-70;Ch5 Scientific Instruments: pp. 82-92;Ch12 Physics:Heat: pp. 275-281;Ch14 Meteorology: pp. 306-309;Ch15 Chemistry:Boyle: pp. 336-341;Ch19 Medicine: pp. 425-449;Ch20 Technology:I. General: pp. 450-453。
(―—,周昌忠等譯(1984),《十六、十七世紀科學、技術與哲學史》。北京市:商務。CH1 pp. 5-16;CH4 pp. 64-84;CH5 pp. 98-108;CH12 pp. 316-323;CH14 pp. 352-355;CH15 pp. 385-391;CH19 pp. 489-517;CH20 pp. 518-521。)
Zemansky, Mark W.、Dittman, Richard H. ( 1997) Heat and Thermodynamics:An Intermediate Textbook.7th ed., New York : McGraw-Hill。Ch1~8, pp. 3~221。
(2) 專書論文:
Rosengarten, Gary (1998), ”Ch2 Physics of Temperature Measurement”, Vol. 1:Temperature and Humidity Measurement, pp. 23-49。In Handbook of temperature measurement. Editor, Bentley, Robin E., Singapore ; New York : Springer.
(A version of the official text) (1998), “Ch9 International Temperature Scale”, Vol. 2:Resistance and Liquid-in-Glass Thermometry, pp. 161-178. In Handbook of temperature measurement, Editor, Bentley, Robin E., Singapore; New York: Springer.
(3) 期刊論文:
徐光台(1997),〈明末西方四元素說的傳入〉,《清華學報》,新27卷第3期,pp. 347-380。
馬國榮(2005),〈光學高溫計〉,《中國教育技術裝備》,2005(09), pp.20-21。
陳文學(1997),〈「火照」探微〉,《中國古陶瓷研究第四輯》,pp. 183-188。
劉占增、曾漢生、丁翠嬌(2006),〈紅外輻射溫度測量技術〉,《武鋼技術》,2006年44卷1期,pp. 21-24.
戴景民(2004),〈輻射測溫的發展與現狀〉,《自動化技術與應用》, 第03期,pp. 1-6。
Thévenot, R., 邱忠岳譯(1987-1994),原為Thévenot, R.(1979),A history of refrigeration throughout the world, International Institute of Refrigeration (IIR), Paris, France.而我參考的版本為大陸的相關期刊,《制冷技術》,在1987年至1994年間對於此書陸續刊登的翻譯版本(大陸譯名:世界制冷史)。
Archibald , R. C.、Lindsay, R. B. (1935), ”Carl Barus--1856-1935”, Science, New Series, Vol. 82, No. 2134. (Nov. 22, 1935), pp. 481-483.
Barnett , Martin K. (1956), “The Development of Thermometry and the Temperature Concept”, Osiris Vol.12 1956, pp. 269-341.
Chaldecott, J. A.(1952), ”Bartolomeo Telioux and the early story of the thermometer”, Annals of Science Vol.8 (3) Sep 30, 1952. pp. 195-201
Chang, H、Yi, SW (2005), “The Absolute and Its Measurement: William Thomson on Temperature”, Annals of Science Vol.62(3), pp. 281-308.
Cottington, Ian E. (1987), “High temperature gas thermometry and the Platinum Metals”, Plat. Metals Rev.,31:,(4), pp.196-207.
Erlichson, Herman (2001), “Kelvin and the absolute temperature scale”, European Journal of Physics Vol.22, pp. 325-328.
Hall, J. A.(1966), ”Fifty years of temperature measurement”, Journal of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 43(8), pp. 541-547.
Hunt, L.B.(1964), “The early history of the thermocouple.”, Plat. Metals Rev., 8:23-28.
Lindsay, R. B. (1941), “Biographical Memoir of Carl Barus1856-1935”, Presented to the Academy at the Autumn Meeting, pp. 171-213.
Sharlin, H. I. (1975), “William Thomson's dynamical theory: An insight into a scientist's thinking”, Annals of Science Vol.32 (2), pp. 133-147.
Smith , C. W. (1977), “William Thomson and the creation of thermodynamics: 1840–1855”, Archive for History of Exact Sciences Vol.16 (3), pp. 231-288。
Taylor, F.Sherwood (1942), “The origin of the thermometer”, Annals of Science Vol.5 (2)Dec 15, 1942. pp. 129-156.
Truesdell, C. (1979), “Absolute temperatures as a consequence of Carnot's general axiom”, Archive for History of Exact Sciences Vol.20 (3-4), Sep.1979, pp. 357-380.
科學哲學相關書目:
(1) 專書:
陳瑞麟(2004),《科學理論版本的結構與發展》,國立臺灣大學出版中心。
傅大為(1990),《基進筆記》,臺北市:桂冠。輯二:科學權威邊緣的遊牧觀點;pp67-93。
―—(1990),〈挑戰「科學理性」權威〉,《知識與權力的空間 : 對文化學術教育的基進反省 》台北市:桂冠;pp1-15。
―—(1999),《科學哲學講義》,一版,自印。
Feyerabend, Paul,周昌忠譯(1996),《反對方法(Against Method)》,臺北市:時報文化;Ch1~6,pp9-59。
Hacking, Ian (1983), Representing and intervening : introductory topics in the philosophy of natural science, Cambridge [Cambridgeshire] ; New York : Cambridge University Press,
(―—,蕭明慧譯(1994),《科學哲學與實驗》,台北市:桂冠。)
Kuhn, Thomas S.(1970), The structure of scientific revolutions, 2nd ed., enl, Chicago : University of Chicago Press.
(―—,程樹德.傅大為.王道還.錢永祥譯(1994),《科學革命的結構》。遠流出版有限公司。)
Lakatos, Imre(1978), The methodology of scientific research programmes ,edited by John Worrall and Gregory Currie, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
(―—,于秀英譯(1990),科學硏究綱領方法論,結構群出版:慧智總經銷。)
Poincare, Tutes Henri,盧兆麟譯(1970),《科學與假說》,台北市:協志。
(2) 專書論文:
高涌泉(2001),〈孔恩vs.費曼〉;見朱元鴻、傅大為主編,《孔恩:評論集》,臺北市:巨流;pp. 257-277。
陳瑞麟(2001),〈《科學革命的結構》之後〉;見朱元鴻、傅大為主編,《孔恩:評論集》,臺北市:巨流;pp. 279-310。
傅大為(2001),〈H2O的一個不可共量史〉;見朱元鴻、傅大為主編,《孔恩:評論集》,臺北市:巨流;pp. 311-344。
Dyson ,Freeman,王鳴陽譯(2006),〈科學的進化〉;見費比恩(A.C.Fabian)主編,《進化》,pp. 134-152;北京:華夏出版社。
Feyerabend, Paul (1965), “Consolations for the Specialist”, pp. 197-230; in Criticism and the growth of knowledge, edited by Imre Lakatos and Alan Musgrave, Cambridge [Cambridgeshire] : University Press, 1970.
(―—,周寄中譯(1992),〈對專家的安慰〉;見Imre Lakatos、Alan Musgrave編著,《批判與知識的增長》,pp. 279-323;台北市:桂冠。)
Masterman, Margaret (1965), ”The Nature of Paradigms”, pp. 59-90; in Criticism and the growth of knowledge, Cambridge : University Press, 1970.
(―—,周寄中譯(1992),〈典範的本質〉,《批判與知識的增長》,pp. 83-125,台北市:桂冠。)
Polanyi, Michael (2000), “The Republic of Science: Its Political and Economic Theory”, Minerva, 38, pp. 1 -21.
(―—,王靖華譯(2004), 〈科學共和國及其政治與經濟理論〉,《科學、信仰與社會》,pp. 168-194;南京市:南京大學出版社。)
Popper, Karl (1965), “Normal science and its Dangers”, pp. 51-58; in Criticism and the growth of knowledge, Cambridge: University Press, 1970.
(―—,周寄中譯(1992),〈常態科學及其危險〉,見《批判與知識的增長》, pp. 71-81;台北市:桂冠。)
Williams, L. Pearce(1965), “Normal science, Scientific Revolution and the History of Science”, pp. 49-50; in Criticism and the growth of knowledge, Cambridge: University Press, 1970.
(―—,周寄中譯(1992),〈常態科學、科學革命和科學史〉,見《批判與知識的增長》, pp. 67-70;台北市:桂冠。)
Epstein, Steven (1996), “Introduction: Controversy, Credibility, and the Public Character of AIDS”, Impure Science, Berkeley : University of California Press.
Bloor, David (1991[1976]), “The Strong Programme in the Sociology of Knowledge”, Knowledge and Social Imagery, 2nd edition, Chicago :University of Chicago Press.
Merton, R. K. (1973), “The Normative Structure of Science”, The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations, Store, N. R. (ed.) Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
Trevor Pinch and Wiebe Bijker (1987) , ”The Social Construction of Facts and Artifacts:Or How the Sociology of Science and Sociology of Technology Might Benefit Each Other”, The Social Construction of Technological Systems, the MIT press.
醫學相關參考文獻
(1) 專書:
中文著作:
江漢聲著(2004),《醫者的智慧:漫漫醫學路》。台北市:天下遠見;pp34-37。
中文譯作:
Karger-Decker, Bernt,姚燕、周慧譯(2004),《圖像醫藥文化史》,邊城出版。第十六~十八部: pp. 269-315。
Bynum, William F.,曹珍芬譯(2000),《19世紀醫學科學史》,上海市:复旦大學出版社。
(2) 期刊論文:
Gensini, G. F.、Conti, A. A. (2004), ”The evolution of the concept of 'fever' in the history of medicine: from pathological picture per se to clinical epiphenomenon (and vice versa).”, Journal of Infection, 2004 Aug; 49(2): 85-7.
Haller, J. S. (1985), ”Medical thermometry--a short history”, The Western journal of medicine, 1985, Jan ; 142(1): 108-16.
Mackowiak , P. A.、Worden , G. (1994), ”Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich (1815-1877) and the evolution of Clinical thermometry”, Clinical infectious diseases, 1994 MAR 18(3): 458-67.
McLaury, R. L. (1983), ”A history of clinical thermometry”, Journal of the Oklahoma State Medical Association, 1983 Dec;76(12): 420-6.
Pearce, J. M. (2002), “A brief history of the clinical thermometer”, Q J Med, 95(4), pp. 251-252。
Stein, M. T. (1991), ”Historical perspective on fever and thermometry”, Clinical pediatrics, 1991 Apr ; 30(4Suppl): 5-7.
Ring , E. F. J. (1998), “Progress in the measurement of human body temperature”, Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, IEEE, 1998 Jul-Aug; 17(4): 19-24.
―—(2006), ”The historical development of thermometry and thermal imaging in medicine”, Journal of medical engineering & technology , 2006 Jul-Aug;30(4): 192-8.
Kelly, G. (2006), “Body temperature variability (Part 1): a review of the history of body temperature and its variability due to site selection, biological rhythms, fitness, and aging “, Alternative medicine review, 2006 Dec; 11(4): 278-93.
其他:
* 著名美國護理期刊American journal of nursing於20世紀時,所刊載之有關臨床溫度計之部分論文篇目資訊:
Sandelowski, M. (2000), “Thermometer & Telephone”, AJN, 100(10):82-83.
Abbey, J. C.、Anderson, A S.、Close, E L、Hertwig, E P.,、Scott, J.、Sears, R.、Willens R. M.、Packer, A.G..(1978), “How Long Is That Thermometer Accurate?”, AJN , 78(8): 1375-1376.
Purintun, L R.、Bishop B. E. (1969), “How Accurate Are Clinical Thermometers”, AJN, 69(1):9 9-100.
Keezer , W. S.(1966), ” The Clinical Thermometer”, AJN , 66(2): 326-327.
Thompson, LaVerne R.(1963),”Thermometer Disinfection.”, AJN, 63(2): 113-115.
Marsh, C. S.;、Povman, S. (1962), ”On Thermometer Disinfection.” , AJN, 62(4):22-25.
Tatarka, H. E.(1953), “To Replace Thermometer Markings.”, AJN, 53(4):388.
Tobins, L. (1953), “Thermometer Technique.”, AJN, 53(2):132-133.
Florina, S. M. (1936), “Individual Thermometer Technic.”, AJN, 36(3):235.
Faddis, M. O. (1934), ”A Thermometer for Sterile Solutions.”, AJN, 34(4):339-340
Ashburn, R. (1930),”A Bacteriological Study of Clinical Thermometer Technic. “, AJN, 30(3): 336-341.
Gillette, H. M.(1926), “A Practical Thermometer Tray.”, AJN, 26(11):840.
(Letter to Editor)(1908), “The Clinical Thermometer”, AJN, 8(8):620.
dc.identifier.urihttp://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/37847-
dc.description.abstract溫度概念及溫度計的使用早已被人們習以為常,然而此兩者在實際的發展進程中,可能並非人們心中所認為地如此理所當然。在「溫度」被創造後的漫長歲月中,溫度概念與溫度計所見證的歷史幾乎就是近代科學被建立的全部過程,無論在歷史演進上或在科學應用中,「溫度」也都與現代科學文明的發展過程緊緊糾纏在一起。因此,在近代科學演進的漫長過程中,溫度概念及溫度計所被形塑的種種意義之變化,在某種程度上也都具有了當時科學或科技發展的進展和困難、前景及侷限之象徵。
因此,本論文首先將回溯自十七世紀以來早期溫度計雛型的現世之後,溫度計及溫度概念如何地影響了近代科學諸多理論與實作研究傳統之發展,並且又一再地隨著這些研究傳統發展後所累積的研究成果,不斷地被重塑其自身意義及形態之過程。在回溯上述種種過程的同時,我們也將觀看到了諸多科學研究傳統間,因為彼此研究成果之交流,故對彼此之進展產生了一積極相互作用;因而也產生了彼此間的共生而致互利,或競爭而致融合(局部性的取代)之種種現象。
此外,在時間尺度的擴展,人們所熟知或所欲探索領域的日益擴大,科學研究傳統彼此間的交流愈見頻繁,成果也愈形繁複之情況下,我們也可藉此觀看到了,各個研究傳統如何建構其「一可讓其研究傳統內之社群有效共享其知識成果」的機制或體系之過程。這使得各學門知識開始形成了組織化的知識傳遞體系,並透過將其研究體系中所使用的數值、單位、樣品成份或是其它在傳遞知識成果時,所可能擁有的種種變因等等,進行一定的標準化過程,來使得其知識成果可以減少因傳遞時而產生的誤解或差距。此外,此一知識體系亦要求許多不同研究傳統下的個人研究成果在此體系下進行表述及傳遞時,必須使彼此的研究成果得以相容,可更有效地進行彼此知識成果之援用及累積,以增加此知識體系之完備性,此即為一學門知識體系的「系統化」之過程。
最後,本文則透過上述此一「不同研究傳統間的積極相互作用」作為切入點,並結合了部份著名的科學哲學理論,來理解並剖析之前所述的溫度概念及其量測技術之種種變遷過程。
在這些討論中,我們將會看到一個可用以描述科學發展的嶄新內部機制模型:無論處於理論或實作的架構下,所有的科學研究傳統,彼此間必具有某種相互作用的特徵。此種特徵對於推動其研究傳統之發展亦有著不可抹滅的影響;它決定了某特定專業領域其發展的特性,實際上會受到與其相關之理論與實作研究傳統間相互配合的影響:透過這種理論與實作研究傳統間的積極相互作用而形成的成果,新型的工具及概念、還有共通之單位,都使得了理論與實作研究傳統間的積極作相互用來得更加容易及頻繁。
然而,此種作用除了可能會進一步地帶動其相關研究領域的發展外,因為研究傳統其領域的重疊,及性質的異同等等原因,也可能會導致了發生種種互助或衝突之情形,因而也衍生出我之前所言的種種「共生互利」、「局部性的取代」現象、或學門知識之「系統化」之過程。在這樣的過程中,亦會隨著參與其中之研究傳統的增加,使得它們之間會衍生出交織而錯綜複雜的網絡關係。同時,透過了這樣一種內部機制之討論,我們得以探討及重構之前科學哲學研究中所謂的「不可共量性」及我個人所提出的「普適性」趨勢的產生過程等等問題,發展了一個關於科學發展的可能模型之建構及其詮釋。
並且透過此種「不同研究傳統間的積極相互作用」觀點之探討下,亦有助於我們去重新理解:「任一科學研究傳統如何在傳承時,保存或喪失其傳承優勢,使其可能會隨著時代的變遷而興盛或沒落」,此一過程。在透過關於研究傳統的「傳承優勢」種種討論及剖析之後,我們則可以更有效地注意到「科學研究傳統之當代性」此一特徵。並可更進一步將其用以探討「在每個時代中,人們如何延續、傳承並重塑前人觀點」之此一科學史的重要面向。另,在此一觀點下,我們或可期待一種新穎體裁,即以撰寫「單位」名稱之沿革為主,的科學史發展之可能性。
zh_TW
dc.description.abstractThe wide use of thermometers and the notion of temperature now seems ordinary to most people. However, the development of this tool and the concept of temperature was not trivial. Furthermore, temperature has been closely intertwined to modern science in its history and applications. Since the concept of temperature and thermometers have been shaped by the progress of modern science, we can see a cross section of scientific history by examining these subjects. Throughout their development, the concept of temperature and thermometers reflected the state of contemporary science: its progress and difficulties, its aspirations and limtations.
Accordingly, we will first examine the early development of thermometers begining at the 17th century. We will discuss how the concept of temperature and thermometers affected the development of modern research traditions. And, conversely, how the results of these research traditions reshaped both the meaning and form of the concept of temperature and thermometers during this time.When examining the process of the development of thermometers, we discover that between different research traditions, there exist active interactions, mediated by the interchange of new knowledge. The interactions often resulted in a variety of phenemona: mutual benefits from cooperation, or mergence from competition, namely some partiality of replacement.
Extending our examination to a larger scale of time, we see the field of research expanding, a higher frequency of interactions between research traditions, and increasingly complex research results. Here, we also see that within each research tradition, a social system is gradually formed to facilitate the movement and sharing of knowledge among the relevant group of people. This process enables the knowledge within their tradition gradually organized, normalized, and self-consistent.
Finally, we will combine the observation of 'active interactions' with noted philosophy of science theories, and analyze the development of the concept of temperature and thermometers. We will utilize this analysis to discuss the phenomena mentioned in previous sections, namely: 'mutual benefits from cooperation,' 'partiality of replacement,' and 'the process of making knowledge to be organized, normalized and self-Consistent.' From this dicussion, we will be able to examine the 'Incommensurability', 'Consistency' established within a research tradition, the 'advantage of communication and preservation' of a research tradition, and related questions. From all this, we will discuss possible models for the development of science and their interpretations.
en
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Previous issue date: 2008
en
dc.description.tableofcontents目錄
序言及謝詞 iii
中文摘要 iv
英文摘要 vi
緒論暨文獻回顧 1
0.1 概述 1
0.2 相關著作及論文回顧 3
0.2.1 早期溫度計的發展 3
0.2.2 溫標的制定與發展 5
0.2.3 在物理科學上之應用及其儀器演進發展 9
0.3 分析暨本文論點 13
第一章 早期溫度計引發的「科學革命」 19
1.1 溫度計的早期發展概述 19
1.1.1 簡溯早期溫度計之發展過程 19
1.1.2 簡溯早期溫度計對於當時科學一些重要現象或科學概念的發想 23
1.2 溫度計所帶來的新穎科學概念及重要發展 24
1.2.1 物質熱膨脹性質的測量 25
1.2.2 熱學基礎概念的提出及量熱術的成熟 27
1.2.3 氣體性質的研究 31
1.3 溫度計的發展所涵蓋的歷史意義 34
第二章 溫度概念自身所經歷的「變革」 37
2.1 絕對零度的發想 38
2.1.1 熱質說架構下的絕對零度 38
2.1.2 熱動說理論架構下的絕對零度 42
2.1.3 在「氣體的熱膨脹經驗定律」實作研究傳統下,關於絕對零度的思考 43
2.1.4 理想氣體溫度的出現 46
2.2 早期古典熱力學對於溫度的再定義 48
2.2.1 簡溯早期熱力學的理論脈絡 48
2.2.2 Kelvin的絕對溫標系統 51
2.2.3 小結 55
2.3 簡論溫度概念所經歷的變革過程之特徵 57
第三章 理論與實作的交錯 61
3.1 現代各式溫度計之發展概述 62
3.2 材料物性研究及其理論系統所推動的儀器改良 67
3.2.1 膨脹測溫法 67
3.2.2 電學測溫法 70
3.2.3 輻射測溫法 78
3.2.4 小結 86
3.3 測溫法元件技術的交錯應用 88
3.4 結語:理論與技術的交錯 93
第四章 測溫學的演進之於科學整體結構的意義 97
4.1 測溫學與特定技術研究傳統演進之關連 98
4.1.1 測溫學與陶瓷工業演進的關連 98
4.1.2 測溫技術與早期低溫物理的發展 102
4.1.3 小結 107
4.2 溫度標準系統的演進 110
4.2.1 國際間的協議性溫標系統之演變 111
4.2.2 小結 116
4.3 結語:科學知識的「系統化」過程 118
第五章 科學的「歷史」與「傳統」 123
5.1 科學史的研究「單位」:「研究傳統」與「典範」之辨析 123
5.1.1 「典範」意義之初步辨析 125
5.1.2 「研究傳統」的變動 127
5.1.3 小結 132
5.2 不同研究傳統間的「積極相互作用」之特性探討 132
5.2.1 「研究傳統」的互動途徑 132
5.2.2 「不可共量性」與「普適性」趨勢的產生 134
5.2.3 以「積極相互作用」的觀點來解讀真實史例發展過程的現象及特性 140
5.2.4 傳承的優勢 148
5.3 結語與展望:科學研究傳統的當代性 153
結論 159
參考文獻 163
附錄 173
dc.language.isozh-TW
dc.title論科學研究傳統間的積極相互作用--以溫度計與溫度發展史為例zh_TW
dc.titleActive interactions between research traditions of Science
-- A case study on the development of thermometers and the concept of temperature
en
dc.typeThesis
dc.date.schoolyear96-2
dc.description.degree碩士
dc.contributor.coadvisor劉廣定 教授(Kwang-Ting Liu, Professor)
dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee胡崇德 教授(Chong-Der Hu, Professor),張嘉鳳 副教授,傅大為 教授
dc.subject.keyword研究傳統,積極相互作用,取代現象的局部性,學門知識之「系統化」過程,普適性,zh_TW
dc.subject.keywordResearch traditions,Active interactions,Locality of replacement,The process of making knowledge organized, normalized and self-consistent,Universality.,en
dc.relation.page198
dc.rights.note有償授權
dc.date.accepted2008-06-30
dc.contributor.author-college理學院zh_TW
dc.contributor.author-dept物理研究所zh_TW
顯示於系所單位:物理學系

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