請用此 Handle URI 來引用此文件:
http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/37577
完整後設資料紀錄
DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
---|---|---|
dc.contributor.advisor | 王榮德 | |
dc.contributor.author | Wen-Ching Chen | en |
dc.contributor.author | 陳文慶 | zh_TW |
dc.date.accessioned | 2021-06-13T15:33:27Z | - |
dc.date.available | 2008-08-13 | |
dc.date.copyright | 2008-08-13 | |
dc.date.issued | 2008 | |
dc.date.submitted | 2008-07-14 | |
dc.identifier.citation | [1] Dahlberg LL, Krug EG. Violence - a global public problem. In: Krug EG, Dahlberg LL, Mercy JA, Zwi AB, Lozano R eds. World report on violence and health. 1st ed. Geneva: World Health Organization,2002.
[2] Castillo DN, Pizatella TJ, Stout N. Injuries. In: Levy BS, Wegman DH eds. Occupational health, recognizing and preventing work-related disease and injury. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins,2000. [3] National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Violence: occupational hazards in hospitals. Cincinnati: NIOSH 2002. [4] Steven LS, Lawrence RM, Joseph JH, Lennart L. Psychosocial and organizational factors. Encyclopaedia of occupational health and safety. 4th ed. Geneva: International labor office,1998. [5] Carmel H, Hunter M. Psychiatrists injured by patient attack. Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law 1991;19:309-16. [6] 王郁茗、闕清模、郭碧照 : 精神科護理人員遭受住院精神病患者攻擊行為之身心反應。中山醫學 2002;13:91-9。 [7] Chen SC, Hwu HG, Williams RA. Psychiatric nurses' anxiety and congition in managing psychiatric patients' aggression. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2005;19:141-9. [8] Shen HC, Cheng Y, Tsai PJ, Lee SH, Guo YL. Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. J Occup Health 2005;47:218-25. [9] Caldwell MF. Incidence of PTSD among staff victims of patient violence. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1992;43:838-9. [10] Chen WC, Wang JD, Lew-Ting CY, Chiu HJ, Lin YP. Workplace violence on workers caring for long-term institutionalized schizophrenic patients in Taiwan. J Occup Health 2007;49:311-6. [11] Friis S. Factors influencing the ward atmosphere. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1986;73:600-6. [12] Peek-Asa C, Jenkins L. Workplace violence: how do we improve approaches to prevention? Clinics in Occupational and Evironmental Medicine 2003;3:659-72. [13] Chen WC, Hwu HG, Kung SM, Chiu HJ, Wang JD. Prevalence and deteriminants of workplace violence of health care workers in a psychiatric hospital in Taiwan. J Occup Health 2008;50:288-93. [14] Di Martino V. Framework guidelines for addressing workplace violence in the health sector. Genea: ILO/ICN/WHO/PSI 2002. [15] World Health Organization (WHO). Framework guidelines for addressing workplace violence in the health sector. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/9221134466.pdf. Accessed May 17, 2008. [16] 台灣大學職業醫學與工業衛生研究所:健康醫療機構職場暴力指引架構。台北:台灣大學職業醫學與工業衛生研究所,2004。 [17] 體育界霸凌,早已屢見不鮮。台北:自由時報,2008/4/10。 [18] Chou KR, Lu RB, Mao WC. Factors relevant to patient assaultive behavior and assault in acute inpatient psychiatric units in Taiwan. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2002;16:187-95. [19] Lidz CW, Mulvey EP, Gardner W. The accuracy of predictions of violence to others. JAMA 1993;269:1007-11. [20] McNiel DE, Eisner JP, Binder RL. The relationship between command hallucinations and violence. Psychiatr Serv 2000;51:1288-92. [21] Miller RJ, Zadolinnyj K, Hafner RJ. Profiles and predictors of assaultiveness for different psychiatric ward populations. Am J Psychiatry 1993;150:1368-73. [22] Nijman H, Merckelbach H, Evers C, Palmstierna T, Campo J. Prediction of aggression on a locked psychiatric admissions ward. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2002;105:390-5. [23] Davis S. Violence by psychiatric inpatients: a review. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1991;42:585-90. [24] Ferris S. Factors influencing the ward atmosphere. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1986;73:600-6. [25] James DV, Fineberg NA, Shah AK, Priest RG. An increase in violence on an acute psychiatric ward. A study of associated factors. Br J Psychiatry 1990;156:846-52. [26] Palmstierna T, Huitfeldt B, Wistedt B. The relationship of crowding and aggressive behavior on a psychiatric intensive care unit. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1991;42:1237-40. [27] Palmstierna T, Wistedt B. Changes in the pattern of aggressive behaviour among inpatients with changed ward organization. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1995;91:32-5. [28] Greenfield TK, McNiel DE, Binder RL. Violent behavior and length of psychiatric hospitalization. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1989;40:809-14. [29] 陳杏佳、胡海國 : 精神病理理論與臨床處置。台灣精神醫學 2002;16: 261-75。 [30] 吳文琪:台北市國中生之暴力行為與溝通技巧的關係。台北:台灣大學衛生政策與管理研究所碩士論文,1999。 [31] Farrell G, Cubit K. Nurses under threat: a comparison of content of 28 aggression management programs. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2005;14:44-53. [32] Privitera M, Weisman R, Cerulli C, Tu X, Groman A. Violence toward mental health staff and safety in the work environment. Occup Med 2005;55:480-6. [33] Lanza ML, Zeiss R, Rierdan J. Violence against psychiatric nurses: sensitive research as science and intervention. Contemp Nurse 2006;21:71-84. [34] Kindy D, Petersen S, Parkhurst D. Perilous work: nurses' experiences in psychiatric units with high risks of assault. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 1919;169-75. [35] Arseneault L, Moffitt TE, Caspi A, Taylor PJ, Silva PA. Mental disorders and violence in a total birth cohort: results from the Dunedin Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:979-86. [36] Cooper AJ, Mendonca JD. A prospective study of patient assaults on nurses in a provincial psychiatric hospital in Canada. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1991;84:163-6. [37] Foley SR, Kelly BD, Clarke M, et al. Incidence and clinical correlates of aggression and violence at presentation in patients with first episode psychosis. Schizophr Res 2005;72:161-8. [38] Swanson JW, Holzer CE, III, Ganju VK, Jono RT. Violence and psychiatric disorder in the community: evidence from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area surveys. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1990;41:761-70. [39] Whittington R, Wykes T. Aversive stimulation by staff and violence by psychiatric patients. Br J Clin Psychol 1996;35:11-20. [40] Nestor PG. Mental disorder and violence: personality dimensions and clinical features. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:1973-8. [41] Tiihonen J, Isohanni M, Rasanen P, Koiranen M, Moring J. Specific major mental disorders and criminality: a 26-year prospective study of the 1966 northern Finland birth cohort. Am J Psychiatry 1997;154:840-5. [42] Hodgins S. Mental disorder, intellectual deficiency, and crime. Evidence from a birth cohort. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:476-83. [43] Patton D. How reality orientation may impact upon violence and aggression within acute psychiatric care. Int J Psychiatr Nurs Res 2003;8:972-84. [44] Gerberich SG, Church TR, McGovern PM, et al. An epidemiological study of the magnitude and consequences of work related violence: the Minnesota Nurses' Study. Occup Environ Med 2004;61:495-503. [45] Omerov M, Edman G, Wistedt B. Violence and threats of violence within psychiatric care--a comparison of staff and patient experience of the same incident. Nord J Psychiatry 2004;58:563-9. [46] Inoue M, Tsukano K, Muraoka M, Kaneko F, Okamura H. Psychological impact of verbal abuse and violence by patients on nurses working in psychiatric departments. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2006;60:29-36. [47] Lin YH, Liu HE. The impact of workplace violence on nurses in South Taiwan. Int J Nurs Stud 2005;42:773-8. [48] Whittington R, Wykes T. Staff strain and social support in a psychiatric hospital following assault by a patient. J Adv Nurs 1992;17:480-6. [49] National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Guidelines for preventing workplace violence for health care and social service workers. Washington, DC: NIOSH 2004. [50] Hoyer A. Sexual harassment: four women describe their experiences--background and implications for the clinical nurse specialist. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 1994;8:177-83. [51] Cutcliffe JR. Qualified nurses' lived experience of violence perpetrated by individuals suffering from enduring mental health problems: a hermeneutic study. Int J Nurs Stud 1999;36:105-16. [52] Giacomini MK, Cook DJ. Users' guides to the medical literature: XXIII. Qualitative research in health care B. What are the results and how do they help me care for my patients? Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA 2000;284:478-82. [53] Liu WM. Symptoms and cognitive function in instituionalized aged schizophrenic patients. Taiwan J Psychiatry 1997;11:61-9. [54] Shih FJ. Triangulation in nursing research: issues of conceptual clarity and purpose. J Adv Nurs 1998;28:631-41. [55] Sharder FK. Trading jobs for for health: ionizing radiation, occupational ethics, and the welfare argument. Sci Eng Ethics 2002;8:139-54. [56] Paterson B, Leadbetter D, Bowie V. Supporting nursing staff exposed to violence at work. Int J Nurs Stud 1999;36:479-86. [57] Bisson JI, Deahl MP. Psychological debriefing and prevention of post-traumatic stress. More research is needed. Br J Psychiatry 1994;165:717-20. [58] Winstanley S, Whittington R. Violence in a general hospital: comparison of assailant and other assault-related factors on accident and emergency and inpatient wards. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2002;412:144-7. [59] Carmel H, Hunter M. Staff injury from inpatient violence. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1989;40:41-6. [60] Salzer MS, Kaplan K, Atay J. State psychiatric hospital census after the 1999 Olmstead Decision: evidence of decelerating deinstitutionalization. Psychiatr Serv 206;57:1501-4. [61] El-Askari E. Building an effective workplace violence prevention program in health care. Clinics in Occupational and Evironmental Medicine 2003;3:843-54. [62] Menckel E, Viitasara E. Threats and violence in Swedish care and welfare--magnitude of the problem and impact on municipal personnel. Scand J Caring Sci 2002;16:376-85. [63] Crichton JH, Calgie J. Responding to inpatient violence at a psychiatric hospital of special security: a pilot project. Med Sci Law 2002;42:30-3. [64] Wilkinson CW. The role of the occupational health professional in preventing workplace violence. Clin Occup Environl Med 2003;3:659-72. [65] Wright RJ, Steinbach SF. Violence: an unrecognized environmental exposure that may contribute to greater asthma morbidity in high risk inner-city populations. Environ Health Persep 2001;109:1085-9. [66] Di Martino V. Workplace vilence in the health sector-coutry case studies Brazil, Bulgaria, Lebanon, Portugal, South Africa, Thailand, plus an additional Australian study: synthesis report. Geneva: ILO/ICN/WHO/PSI 2002. [67] Whittington R, Shuttleworth S. Violence to staff in a general hospital setting. J Adv Nurs 2008;24:326-33. [68] Kwok RP, Law YK, Li KE, et al. Prevalence of workplace violence against nurses in Hong Kong. Hong Kong Med J 2006;12:9. [69] Chen ZH, Wang SY, Jing CX. Prevalence of workplace violence in staff of two hospitals in Guangzhou. [Chinese]. Chinese J Prev Med 2003;37:358-60. [70] May DD, Grubbs LM. The extent, nature, and precipitating factors of nurse assault among three groups of registered nurses in a regional medical center. J Emergency Nurs 2002;28:11-7. [71] Atawneh FA, Zahid MA, Al-Sahlawi KS, Shahid AA, Al-Farrah MH. Violence against nurses in hospitals: prevalence and effects. Br J Nurs 2003;12:102-7. [72] Lam JN, McNiel DE, Binder RL. The relationship between patients' gender and violence leading to staff injuries. Psychiatr Serv 2000;51:1167-70. [73] Lowenstein M, Binder RL, McNiel DE. The relationship between admission symptoms and hospital assaults. Hosp Community Psychiatry 1990;41:311-3. [74] Wessely SC, Castle D, Douglas AJ, Taylor PJ. The criminal careers of incident cases of schizophrenia. Psychol Med 1994;24:483-502. [75] Anderson C. Workplace violence: are some nurses more vulnerable? Issues Ment Health Nurs 2002;23:351-66. [76] Di Martino V. Relationship of work stress and workplace violence in health sector. Geneva: ILO/ICN/WHO/PSI 2002. [77] Frances A. Diagnostic and statistical manuals of mental disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV). 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association 1994. [78] Eriksen W. Practice area and work demands in nurses' aides: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2006;6:97. [79] Hurrell JJ. Job stress, gender and workplace violence: analysis of assault experiences of state employees. In: VandenBos GR, Bulatao EQ eds. Violence on the job. 1st ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association,1997. [80] Owen C, Tarantello C, Jones M. Violence and Aggression in Psychiatric Units. Psychiatr Serv 1998;49:1452-7. [81] Hansen B. Workplace violence in the hospital psychiatric setting. An occupational health perspective. AAOHN J 1996;44:575-80. [82] Senuzun EF, Karadakovan A. Violence towards nursing staff in emergency departments in one Turkish city. Int Nurs Rev 2005;52:154-60. [83] Winstanley S, Whittington R. Aggression towards health care staff in a UK general hospital: variation among professions and departments. J Clin Nurs 2004;13:3-10. [84] Yassi A, Tate R, Cooper J, Jenkins J, Trottier J. Causes of staff abuse in health care facilities. Implications for prevention. AAOHN J 1998;46:484-91. [85] Cooper AJ, Mendonca JD. A prospective study of patient assaults on nursing staff in a psychiatric unit. Can J Psychiatry 1989;34:399-404. [86] Hansen AM, Hogh A, Persson R, et al. Bullying at work, health outcomes, and physiological stress response. J Psychosomat Res 2006;60:63-72. [87] Berman H, McKenna K, Arnold CT, Taylor G, MacQuarrie B. Sexual harassment: everyday violence in the lives of girls and women. Adv Nurs Sci 2000;22:32-46. [88] McCabe MP, Hardman L. Attitudes and perceptions of workers to sexual harassment. J Soc Psychol 2005;145:719-40. [89] Witkowska E, Menckel E. Perceptions of sexual harassment in Swedish high schools: experiences and school-environment problems. Eur J Public Health 2005;15:78-85. [90] Collard A. Training in racial harassment issues for community staff. Nurs Times 1995;91:33-4. [91] Gerberich SG, Church TR, McGovern PM, et al. Risk factors for work-related assaults on nurses. Epidemiology 2005;16:704-9. [92] Ray CL, Subich LM. Staff assaults and injuries in a psychiatric hospital as a function of three attitudinal variables. Issues Ment Health Nurs 1919;277-89. [93] Trenoweth S. Perceiving risk in dangerous situations: risks of violence among mental health inpatients. J Adv Nurs 2003;42:278-87. [94] Whittington R, Wykes T. An observational study of associations between nurse behaviour and violence in psychiatric hospitals. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 1994;1:85-92. [95] Quirk A, Lelliott P. What do we know about life on acute psychiatric wards in the UK? A review of the research evidence. Soc Sci Med 2001;53:1565-74. [96] Volavka J, Laska E, Baker S, et al. History of violent behaviour and schizophrenia in different cultures. Analyses based on the WHO study on Determinants of Outcome of Severe Mental Disorders. Br J Psychiatry 1997;171:9-14. [97] Anderson C, Parish M. Report of workplace violence by Hispanic nurses. J Transcult Nurs 2003;14:237-43. [98] Bai YM. Virtual psychiatric clinics. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:1160-1. [99] Lin CH. Reliablity of information provided by patients of a visual psychiatric clinic. Psychiatr Serv 2003;54:1167-8. [100] Rowe MM, Sherlock H. Stress and verbal abuse in nursing: do burned out nurses eat their young? J Nurs Manag 2005;13:242-8. [101] Ayranci U, Yenilmez C, Balci Y, Kaptanoglu C. Identification of violence in Turkish health care settings. J Interperson Violence 2006;21:276-96. | |
dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/37577 | - |
dc.description.abstract | 職場暴力近幾年逐漸受到大眾注意,現已經是超越國界,超越各種工作環境和各種職業,變成一種全球性的議題。醫療機構在職場暴力的角色,有其特殊的地位,一方面醫護人員負有照顧的責任,因為受害者及部份加害者會到醫療機構求醫,因此醫護人員對暴力事件最為熟悉,不管是收集資料,研究暴力的原因及對暴力預防措施的擬定都具有優勢,對社會大眾,不管是照顧受害者或預防暴力都負有重責大任。另一方面醫護人員是處在暴力高危險的環境,因為社會變遷、人際衝突、失業、貧窮等造成種種生活上的困難,會引發挫折和生氣,進而影響一個人的行為,並產生口頭或肢體暴力。醫護人員與這些愁苦的人接觸,是處在這種工作情境的前線在所有工作場合之中,因此職場暴力以醫療機構尤其是精神科病房最為嚴重。要預防暴力必須了解暴力的原因和找出它的危險因子,但因為沒有單一的因子可以解釋為什有些人容易攻擊人、有些人容易被人攻擊,因此預防暴力的策略必須採用聯合國所提出的生態模式,考慮四個層面的所有危險因子,包括社會的、社區的、互動關係的以及個人的因素。我國在今年訂立醫療保健服務業安全衛生規則草案,把職場暴力防範列入法規,具體規範雇主責任,如應訂定防止職場暴力危害的政策、方案或危害防止計畫等。本文第一章是為了解職場暴力的來籠去脈,於某精神科醫院針對2002年曾遭受病人肢體攻擊的受害員工,共13位做面對面,半結構性的深度訪談,結果發現所有被訪談者均表示事件後之支持不夠,另有一半以上在事件發生時無人可以求救至,於心理感受上,從最嚴重的創傷後症候羣、焦慮、害怕、失眠、到無所謂、甘之如飴都有,在預防的建議上則提到職前訓練及在職訓練的重要,個人因應技巧及職場文化的改善。第二章係採用國際勞工局/國際護理協會/世界衛生組織/國際公共服務協會所發展的問卷,翻譯成中文,在同一醫院針對護士及照顧服務員做全面之問卷調查,探討暴力之盛行率和其相關之危險因子。結果回收222份有效問卷,其中女性117人、男性105人;回收率達90%,在盛行率方面,肢體暴力為35.1%、口頭謾罵為50.9%、霸凌/排擠為15.8%、性騷擾為9.5%而種族岐視為4.5%。肢體暴力明顯比其他國家的報告為高;而員工的焦慮度高和遭受職場暴力的機會高,兩者間有所相關。第三章則於另一精神科醫院,針對一群護理人員,做半年之追縱研究,探討暴力之發生行率和其相關之危險因子。結果發現肢體暴力、口頭謾罵、霸凌/排擠、性騷擾和種族岐視之發生率分別為 2.4、7.9、0.3、1.0和0件/每人年;高焦慮度、年資較少以及未婚是肢體暴力和口頭謾罵之危險因子;而年齡較輕則是性騷擾之危險因子。總而言之,職場暴力是職業危害之一,讓職場零傷害,環境零污染,對暴力零容忍是我們努力的目標,所以營造醫院的職場文化,建立支持和安全的工作環境,並提供工作人員必要的職前及在職訓練是預防精神科職場暴力之必要措施,也是雇主無可避免的責任。 | zh_TW |
dc.description.abstract | Workplace violence has become a global problem, crossing national border, work settings and occupational groups, and has received increasing attention as a substantial contributor to occupational injury. The role of health sector in workplace violence is uniquely placed to draw the public attention. One is because its closeness to and familiar with the problem, health sector has the potential to take a much more proactive role in violence prevention. The other one is because frustration and anger arising out of life difficulties such as poverty, illness, alcohol and substance abuse can make people violent, health care personnel is actually at the high risk situation of violence to deal with these people when they come to hospitals to seek for help. Therefore, it was realized that health sector, especially psychiatric department, was most serious in workplace violence among all working sites. To prevent violence, it is necessary to understand the causes and identify the factors that increase the likelihood of people becoming victims or perpetrators. But because there is no single factor can explain why a person is more or less likely to experience violence, the strategy to prevent violence should consider all the four levels of risk including individual, relationship, community and societal factors, the so called ecological model proposed by World Health Organization. In chapter I, in order to understanding the context of workplace violence, we conducted a face-to-face, in-depth, and semi-structured interview with 13 health care workers suffering from physical violence by patients in 2002. We found that all of the victims alleged they did not receive enough post-incident support, and more than a half of victims could not call others for help during the violence. The psychological harm include post-traumatic stress disorder and general anxiety disorder, and other feelings include shock, astonishment, anger, fear, and sadness, but some victims reported minimal or no psychological injury. In chapter II, we translated the questionnaire which was developed by ILO/ICN/WHO/PSI joint program on workplace in the health sector into the Traditional Chinese version and used this questionnaire to survey the workplace violence prevalence and its risk factors among all nursing assistants and nurses in the same hospital as aforementioned one. A total of 222 valid questionnaires, male 105 and female 117, response rate was about 90%. The prevalence of physical violence (PV), verbal abuse (VA), bully / mobbing (BM), sexual harassment (SH), and racial harassment (RH) were 35.1%, 50.9%, 15.8%, 9.5%, and 4.5% respectively. The prevalence of PV at this hospital was higher than that reported by other countries for the health sector. A high anxiety level was associated with the occurrence of PV. In chapter III, We recruited 80 volunteer nurses into this 6-month follow-up study to investigate the incidence and risk factors of workplace violence in another psychiatric hospital. The results of this study showed that the incidence rates of PV, VA, BM, SH, and RH were 2.4, 7.9, 0.3, 1.0, and 0 per staff-year respectively. A high level of anxiety, a shorter duration of employment, and married status were the risk factors for PV and VA. Young age was the only risk factor for SH. In conclusion, workplace violence is an occupational hazard, and we need zero injury in workplace, zero contamination in environment, and zero tolerance to violence. Therefore, re-engineering the organization to a supportive and safe working environment and providing training program for high risk groups are required for prevention of the workplace violence and the employer is obliged to do these jobs. | en |
dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-13T15:33:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ntu-97-F90841021-1.pdf: 2483059 bytes, checksum: 06bdca4f99cb9a477a8e39c0dac411dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 | en |
dc.description.tableofcontents | 口試委員會審定書
目錄 I 中文摘要及關鍵詞 II 英文摘要及關鍵詞 IV 圖目錄 VII 表目錄 VIII 綜說 1 第一章Workplace violence on workers caring for long-term institutionalized schizophrenic patients in Taiwan Introduction 12 Methods 14 Results 18 Discussion 20 Conclusion 24 第二章 Prevalence and determinants of workplace violence of health care workers in a psychiatric hospital in Taiwan Introduction 25 Methods 27 Results 32 Discussion 33 Conclusion 38 第三章Incidence and risk factors of workplace violence on nurses in an acute psychiatric hospital—Is anxiety level a predictor of violence? Introduction 39 Methods 42 Results 43 Discussion 46 Conclusion 49 結論與建議 50 參考文獻 52 附錄 一 健康醫療機構職場暴力指引架構 75 附錄 二 健康醫療機構職場暴力問卷中文版 98 附錄 三 Published paper 1 ( J Occup Health 2007;49:311-6) 附錄 四 Published paper 2 ( J Occup Health 2008;50:288-93) | |
dc.language.iso | zh-TW | |
dc.title | 精神科醫院之職場暴力 | zh_TW |
dc.title | Workplace Violence in Psychiatric Hospitals | en |
dc.type | Thesis | |
dc.date.schoolyear | 96-2 | |
dc.description.degree | 博士 | |
dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 胡海國,林宜平,黃景祥,陳保中,郭育良 | |
dc.subject.keyword | 職場暴力,精神科,深度訪談,盛行率,發生率,危險因子, | zh_TW |
dc.subject.keyword | Depth interview,Incidence,Prevalence,Psychiatric hospital,Risk factor,Workplace violence, | en |
dc.relation.page | 106 | |
dc.rights.note | 有償授權 | |
dc.date.accepted | 2008-07-14 | |
dc.contributor.author-college | 公共衛生學院 | zh_TW |
dc.contributor.author-dept | 職業醫學與工業衛生研究所 | zh_TW |
顯示於系所單位: | 職業醫學與工業衛生研究所 |
文件中的檔案:
檔案 | 大小 | 格式 | |
---|---|---|---|
ntu-97-1.pdf 目前未授權公開取用 | 2.42 MB | Adobe PDF |
系統中的文件,除了特別指名其著作權條款之外,均受到著作權保護,並且保留所有的權利。