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完整後設資料紀錄
DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
---|---|---|
dc.contributor.advisor | 宋聖榮 | |
dc.contributor.author | Lin Huang | en |
dc.contributor.author | 黃琳 | zh_TW |
dc.date.accessioned | 2021-06-13T15:33:05Z | - |
dc.date.available | 2008-07-24 | |
dc.date.copyright | 2008-07-24 | |
dc.date.issued | 2008 | |
dc.date.submitted | 2008-07-13 | |
dc.identifier.citation | 中央地質調查所(2000),九二一地震地質調查報告。
中央地質調查所(2000),九二一集集地震車籠埔斷層沿線地表破裂位置圖 國立中央大學地球科學系暨地球物理研究所網站資料 何春蓀(1982) 台灣地體構造圖說明書。經濟部出版,共153頁 何春蓀(1986) 台灣地質圖概論-台灣地質圖說明書。經濟部中央地質調查所出版,共164頁 林朝棨(1935)台中豐原地方第三紀及第四紀地層之研究,台北帝國大學理農學部紀要,第13卷,第3號,p13-30。 鳥居敬造(1935)東勢圖幅及說明圖,台灣總督府殖產局,第732號,26頁。 陳培源(2006) 台灣地質:台北市 : 省地質技師公會出版,第20-42與20-43頁 李麗君(2002) 奈米石英之合成研究。國立台灣大學地質科學研究所博士論文。共168頁 Bauluz, B., Peacor, D. R., and Hollis, C. J. (2004), TEM study of meteorite impact glass at New Zealand Cretaceous-Tertiary sites: evidence for multiple impacts or differentiation during global circulation? Earth and Planetary Science Letters 219, 209-219 Brodsky, E. and Kanamori, H. (2001), Elastohydrodyanamic lubrication of faults. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 16,357– 16,373 Chen, S. Y., Song, S. R., Wang, C. H. and Yeh, E. C. (2008), Chemical and Isotopic Characteristics of Fluids from the Boreholes of Taiwan Chelungpu-fault Drilling Project (TCDP) Geological Annual Congress, Abstract H1-B10-068 Chester, J. S., Chester, F. M. and Kronenberg, A. K. (2005), Fracture surface energy of the Punchbowl fault, San Andreas system. Nature 437, 133-136. Chou Y. M., Song S. R., Yeh E. C., Boullier A. M., Song Y. F., Lee T. Q. (2008) X-ray Microscopy/Tomography Research of TCDP Hole-B. Geological Annual Congress, Abstract T1. Fuente, S., Cuadros, J. and Linares, J. (2002), Early stages of volcanic tuff alteration in hydrothermal experiments: formation of mixed-layer illite-smectite. Clays and clay minerals, 50, 578–590 Ghobarkar, H. and Schaf, O. (1999), Effect of temperature on hydrothermal synthesis of analcime and vis´eite. Materials Science and Engineering B60, 163–167 Ho, C. S. (1986), A synthesis of the geologic evolution of Taiwan. Tectonophysics 125, 1-16 Huang, W. L., Longo, J. M. and Pevear, D. R. (1993) An experimentally derived kinetic model for smectite-to-illite conversion and its use as a geothermometer. Clays and clay minerals, 41, 162–177 Hung, J. H., Wu, Y. H., Yeh, E. C., Wu, J. C. and TCDP Scientific Party (2007), Subsurface Structure, Physical Properties, and Fault Zone Characteristics in the Scientific Drill Holes of Taiwan Chelungpu-Fault Drilling Project. Terrestrial, Atmosphere and Oceanic Sciences 18, No. 2, 271-293 Jung, I. H., Decterov, S. A. and Pelton, A. D. (2004), Critical thermodynamic evaluation and optimization of the Fe–Mg–O system. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 65, 1683-1695 Kano, Y., Mori, J., Fujio, R., Ito, H., Yanagidani, T., Nakao, S. and Ma, K. F. (2006),Heat signature on the Chelungpu fault associated with the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake. Geophys. res. Lett, 33, doi:10.1029/2006GL026733 Kawano, M., Tomita, K. and Kamino, Y. (1993), Formation of clay minerals during low temperature experimental alteration of obsidian. Clays and Clay Minerals, 41, 431-441 Klein, C. (2002), The 22nd edition of the manual of mineral science : (after James D. Dana) New York : J. Wiley Kuo, L. W., Song, S. R., Chen, H. F., Yeh, E. C. (2005), Characteristics of clay minerals in the Chelungpu fault zones of TCDP hole-A and its implication, Eos Trans. AGU, 86(52), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract T43D-05. Ma, K. F., Tanaka, H., Song, S. R., Wang C. Y., Hung, J. H., Tsai, Y. B., Mori, J., Song, Y. F., Yeh, E. C., Soh, W., Sone, H., Kuo, L. W. and Wu, H. Y. (2006), Slip zone and energetics of a large earthquake from the Taiwan Chelungpu-fault Drilling Project. Nature 444, 473-476 Magloughlin, J. F. and Spray, J. G. (1992), Frictional melting process and products in geological materials: introduction and discussion. Tectonophysics, 204, 197-204. Scholz, C. H. (1990), The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 439 Seno, T., and Maruyama S. (1984), Paleogeographic reconstruction and origin of the Philippine Sea. Tectonophysics 102, 53-84. Sibson, R. H. (1977), Fault rocks and fault mechanisms. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 133, 191-213. Song, S. R., Kuo, L. W., Yeh, E. C., Wang, C. Y. (2007), Characteristics of the Lithology, Fault-Related Rocks and Fault Zone Structures in TCDP Hole-A. Terrestrial, Atmosphere and Oceanic Sciences 18, 243-269 Tanaka, H., Chen, W. M., Wang, C. Y., Ma, K. F., Urata, N., Mori, J. and Ando, M. (2006), Frictional heat from faulting of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake. Geophys. Res. Lett, 33, doi:10.1029/2006GL026673 Tomita, K., Yamane, H. and Kawano, M. (1993), Synthesis of smectite from volcanic glass at low temperature. Clays and Clay Minerals, 41, 655-661 Turner, F. J. (1986), Metamorphic Petrology : Mineralogical and Field Aspects. McGraw-Hill, 403 pages Watanabe, Y., Yamada, H., Tanaka, J. and Moriyoshi, Y. (2005), Hydrothermal modification of natural zeolites to improve uptake of ammonium ions. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 80, 376-380 Wibberley, C. A. J. and Shimamoto, T. (2005), Earthquake slip weakening and asperities explained by thermal pressurization. Nature 436, 689–692 Yeh, E. C., Sone, H., Nakaya, T., Ian, K. H., Song, S. R., Hung, J. H., Lin, W., Hirono, T., Wang, C. Y., Ma, K. F., Soh, W.and Kinoshita, M. (2007), Core Description and Characteristics of Fault Zones from Hole-A of the Taiwan Chelungpu-Fault Drilling Project. Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci., 18, No. 2, 327-357 | |
dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/37568 | - |
dc.description.abstract | 地震所釋放出的能量包括破裂能、輻射能以及摩擦熱,摩擦熱通常都被視為佔據地震釋放能量最大的一項。1999年集集台灣大地震中發生錯動的車籠埔斷層提供了一個很好的研究地震與斷層錯動機制的機會。臺灣車籠埔鑽探計畫在2004年於台中大坑鑽取車籠埔斷層的岩心,獲得新鮮未受風化的圍岩以及斷層泥。本研究著重在地震所釋放的摩擦熱,而計算摩擦熱所需要的參數中最為關鍵的是摩擦溫度;除了摩擦溫度外,本研究也嘗試模擬斷層帶熱液系統。由於黏土礦物本身對於溫度的反應較為靈敏,而且車籠埔斷層就位在錦水頁岩中,因此採用黏土礦物含量較多的頁岩當做研究材料,以研究斷層帶熱液系統的反應。
此研究中將樣本分為全岩以及黏土兩部分固體材料。其中,黏土部分作為對照組。將樣本置放入高溫爐中,分別在攝氏600度、700度、800度、900度、1000度和1100度的溫度下加溫五分鐘之後,以X光繞射分析儀鑑定礦物受熱後的反應,並以掃描式電子顯微鏡觀察是否有熔融現象。經由X光繞射分析後,可以發現以攝氏900度加溫5分鐘後,其黏土礦物就幾乎遭受熱分解,且在掃描式電子顯微鏡下可看出開始有熔融現象。並且,與斷層帶中樣本的掃描式電子顯微鏡結果比較,可以得知車籠埔斷層在1999年滑動所達到的溫度可能達攝氏900度以上。 根據前人研究,在TCDP- A井岩心1111.29m被視為是車籠埔主要滑動帶的深度中,有含量較高的膨潤土,而在圍岩中的含量卻很少;且在此滑動帶中,經由掃描式電子顯微鏡與穿透式電子顯微鏡發現有假玄武玻璃的存在,加上前人文獻中提到,在自然界中玻璃質可以經由蝕變形成膨潤土,因此推論車籠埔滑動帶經由錯動所產生的高溫摩擦熱,加熱斷層岩石形成假玄武玻璃後,再因斷層剪切作用帶進液體產生熱液蝕變作用形成膨潤土沉澱在斷層帶中。另外,Chen (2008)分析TCDP- A井來自深處的井管水,發現其碳酸氫根離子與鈉離子含量相當高,且推測其來源為桂竹林層。另外,斷層帶附近有方解石脈的生成,加上斷層泥經由三軸實驗壓出的液體其離子含量以氯離子和硫酸根離子為最多,因此設計了一套熱液實驗以確定是否斷層剪切之後,來自於桂竹林層的液體侵入,加上斷層摩擦的熱源使得過去海相沉積所留下鹽類之海水離子釋放出來,因此含有鈉離子、碳酸氫根離子、氯離子與硫酸根離子的液體與斷層帶反應產生膨潤土沉澱。實驗結果顯示膨潤土可以由頁岩經高溫形成之玻璃質與碳酸氫鈉或是氯化鈉反應而產生,且會釋放出鈉離子進入液體中。另外,陰離子分析也顯示熱液實驗過程會使得液體中的氯離子以及硫酸根離子增加,因此斷層帶中所含有相當高的氯離子以及硫酸根離子與熱液反應過程是相關的。 實驗結果可以讓我們建立初步的車籠埔斷層中熱液系統,車籠埔周邊地層含有較多的碳酸氫根離子以及鈉離子,在每一次錯動後會造成斷層帶中膨潤土以及方解石脈的生成,新礦物的生成會造成斷層帶的密封,因此能夠繼續累積應力到下一次錯動造成地震釋放能量;而膨潤土容易吸水膨脹造成地層不穩定,也跟車籠埔是個多次滑動的斷層有關。 | zh_TW |
dc.description.abstract | Understanding energy changes during an earthquake is one of the most challenging problems confronting the earth science community. An earthquake releases accumulated elastic strain energy, which in turn is transformed into radiated energy, fractured energy and frictional heat. Among them frictional heat not only represents the largest share of energy but also the least known due to subsurface and surface weathering. The Chelungpu fault, which moved in the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, has provided us a good opportunity to shed light on the aforementioned questions via checking the reaction of clay minerals after frictional heating. In this study, starting material samples from the ChinShui Shale of TCDP, were each heated for 5 minutes in a furnace under different temperature conditions: 600°C, 700°C, 800°C, 900°C, 1000°C, and 1100°C, respectively. They were then analyzed by X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to investigate mineral reactions and phase changes. Results of SEM observation indicated that grains of minerals did not change before 900°C. As soon as the heating temperature reached over 900°C, some melting phenomena began to be detected, with many vesicles were observed over 1000°C. The results of XRD show that the clay minerals began decomposing and melting at temperature over 900°C.
Previous studies have shown that, in the abnormal content of clay minerals, smectite was relatively richer in fault-zones than in host rocks. Melting has also been observed in fault-zones. Based on the results from Chen (2008), the concentrations of sodium and bicarbonate were higher in borehole water at depth 1,110m in TCDP- A hole and they might come from the Kueichulin Formation. Also, calcite veins were found around the Chelungpu fault zone (Yeh, 2007). We interpreted that the smectite could originate from glass alteration, which the glass was generated by frictional melting in seismic events. We designed a series of experiments to simulate the hydrothermal reactions in order to confirm that the rock in the Chelungpu fault zone was first heated to glass, and then reacted with liquids to precipitate smectite. The results show that smectite could be formed in both of the hydrothermal systems of sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride. Results of ion concentration analysis of fluid product associated with sodium bicarbonate reaction experiment reveal that the sodium and potassium ions would reduce to precipitate zeolite and the sulfate ion would increase after hydrothermal reactions, which could be caused by the relatively high concentrations of those ions in pore fluid of fault gauge. The result of sodium chloride reaction experiment indicates that sodium, sulfate and chloride ion would increase, and it may be related to precipitating smectite. These results from heating and simulating experiments of TCDP materials may provide us information for estimates of frictional heat and processes in the 1999 Chi-Chi Taiwan earthquake. | en |
dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-13T15:33:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ntu-97-R95224209-1.pdf: 21718907 bytes, checksum: 90753500ae512eaa75591e8a1b2e2f3a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 | en |
dc.description.tableofcontents | 摘要 I
Abstract III 目錄 V 表目錄 VIII 圖目錄 IX 第一章 緒論 1 第一節 前言 1 第二節 前人研究 2 1-2-1 斷層岩石的分類與定義 2 1-2-2 黏土礦物 4 1-2-3 車籠埔斷層帶之黏土礦物特性 4 第二章 區域地質概述 7 第一節 區域地質 7 第二節 地層 7 2-2-1 錦水頁岩層 7 2-2-2 卓蘭層 7 2-2-3 頭嵙山層 8 第三節 台灣車籠埔鑽探計畫 8 第三章 研究方法與實驗流程 11 第一節 實驗材料 12 第二節 實驗儀器與方法 13 3-2-1 行星式球磨機(Planetary Ball Mill) 13 3-2-2 黏土萃取法 13 3-2-3 高溫爐(high temperature furnace) 13 3-2-4 飽和蒸汽壓反應器 14 3-2-5 X光粉末繞射儀(XRD) 16 3-2-6 掃描式電子顯微鏡(SEM) 16 3-2-7 感應藕合電漿原子發射光譜儀(ICP-AES) 17 3-2-8 離子層析儀(IC) 17 第四章 結果 18 第一節 岩心標本之頁岩全岩加熱反應 18 4-1-1 XRD分析 18 4-1-2 SEM觀察 19 第二節 岩心標本之頁岩黏土加熱反應 20 4-2-1 XRD分析 20 4-2-2 SEM觀察 21 第三節 純石英粉末加熱反應 23 第四節 奈米石英加熱反應 24 第五節 純膨潤土加奈米石英加熱反應 25 第六節 純伊萊石與奈米石英混合加熱反應 26 第七節 熱液實驗 27 4-7-1 碳酸氫鈉 27 4-7-1-1 XRD分析 27 4-7-1-2 SEM觀察 31 4-7-1-3 碳酸氫鈉溶液之離子濃度變化分析 36 4-7-1-3-1 陽離子濃度變化 36 4-7-1-3-2 陰離子濃度變化 36 4-7-2 氯化鈉 39 4-7-2-1 氯化鈉之210 oC熱液實驗 39 4-7-2-1-1 XRD分析 39 4-7-2-1-2 SEM觀察 40 4-7-2-1-3 氯化鈉溶液之離子濃度變化分析 42 4-7-2-1-3-1 陽離子濃度變化 43 4-7-2-1-3-2 陰離子濃度變化 44 4-7-2-2 氯化鈉之40 oC熱液實驗 46 4-7-2-2-1 XRD分析 46 4-7-2-2-2 SEM觀察 47 4-7-2-2-3 氯化鈉溶液之離子濃度變化分析 50 4-7-2-2-3-1 陽離子濃度變化 51 4-7-2-2-3-2 陰離子濃度變化 52 第八節 純膨潤土與奈米石英混合之X光繞射分析 54 第五章 討論 55 第一節 斷層帶系統演變模型 55 第二節 摩擦溫度 56 第三節 黏土礦物受熱反應 57 5-3-1 石英受熱反應 58 5-3-2 尖晶石的生成 58 第四節 熱液實驗 59 5-4-1 碳酸氫鈉實驗結果 60 5-4-2 氯化鈉高溫實驗結果 62 5-4-3 氯化鈉低溫實驗結果 63 第五節 熱液實驗所生成之次生礦物沸石 66 第六節 全岩與黏土對照 68 第六章 結論 70 參考文獻 71 | |
dc.language.iso | zh-TW | |
dc.title | 1999年集集大地震之車籠埔斷層摩擦溫度與蝕變作用 | zh_TW |
dc.title | Frictional Temperature and Alteration of Chelungpu Fault Zone in 1999 Chi-Chi Earthquake | en |
dc.type | Thesis | |
dc.date.schoolyear | 96-2 | |
dc.description.degree | 碩士 | |
dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 朱傚祖,黃武良,陳惠芬 | |
dc.subject.keyword | 集集大地震,摩擦溫度,膨潤土,蝕變, | zh_TW |
dc.subject.keyword | Chi-Chi earthquake,frictional temperature,smectite,alteration, | en |
dc.relation.page | 74 | |
dc.rights.note | 有償授權 | |
dc.date.accepted | 2008-07-14 | |
dc.contributor.author-college | 理學院 | zh_TW |
dc.contributor.author-dept | 地質科學研究所 | zh_TW |
顯示於系所單位: | 地質科學系 |
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