環境因子、蘭菌與植物生長物質對帶花梗蝴蝶蘭貯運後生長及開花品質之影響

Abstract

以往蝴蝶蘭在裸根條件之下才能從台灣輸往美國，然而裸根貯運會使植株遭受缺水、黑暗及低溫等數種逆境。本論文探討蝴蝶蘭栽培時之光度、肥料及接種絲核菌屬蘭菌（R02, R02, R04），並配合不同植物生長物質（plant growth substances; PGS）之處理，對蝴蝶蘭植株貯運前、後生長與開花之影響，以期找到對業者有利之管理方法，對台灣蝴蝶蘭產業有所助益。 施用植物生長物質或接種絲核菌屬蘭菌R04菌種三個月皆會使大白花蝴蝶蘭（Phalenopsis Sogo Yukidian × Taisuso Snow）之葉綠素計讀值（Chlorophyll meter reading, CMR）下降，施用移植生長素（Lysine #3）500ppm與氨基酸螯合劑（Aminosong）500ppm有助於大白花蝴蝶蘭葉片數增加，配合接種R04並效果更佳。而紅花朵麗蝶蘭（Dtps. Plum Rose × Fu Shin Wine）則是施用植物生長物質或接種R01菌種會使CMR值下降，而噴施氯化膽鹼 (Choline chloride ,C.C.) 300 ppm 與環己六醇 (Inositol) l50 ppm 有助於紅花朵麗蝶蘭葉幅與葉片數之增加。 貯運前之栽培期施用氯化膽鹼 (Choline chloride , CC) 300 ppm + 環己六醇 (Inositol) l50 ppm於大白花蝴蝶蘭（P. Sogo Yukidian × Taisuso Snow）及紅花朵麗蝶蘭（Dtps. Plum Rose × Fu Shin Wine），有助於貯運後葉幅或葉數之增加。施用移植生長素 (Lysine #3) 500 ppm + 氨基酸螯合劑（Aminosong）500 ppm 及接種絲核菌屬蘭菌可顯著提高貯運後原本不開花之紅花朵麗蝶蘭的抽梗及開花。 接種R01菌種三個月可增加大白花蝴蝶蘭（P. Sogo Yukidian × Taisuso Snow）之葉片數與葉幅；接種R04可增加紅花朵麗蝶蘭（Dtps. Plum Rose × Fu Shin Wine）之葉幅，顯示蘭菌有助於對水分及養分之吸收與利用。低光下生長之蝴蝶蘭植株其葉綠素讀值（CMR）較高光下生長者顯著為高。 接種R01與R02有助於大白花蝴蝶蘭貯運後之生長。而貯運後開花品質顯示以光度之影響最大，蘭菌之影響次之。光線、肥料與蘭菌會顯著影響貯運後之花苞萎凋數。且光線及蘭菌對貯運後大白花蝴蝶蘭之總花朵數有促進效果，但在紅花朵麗蝶蘭則以光度對其總花朵數有顯著影響。大白花以施用15-20-25肥料且無接種之對照組抽梗率最高；紅花朵麗蝶蘭則以接種R02菌種配合施用20-20-20肥料抽梗率最高。 於貯運過程中使用LED可減少貯運過程葉綠素之喪失，並促進大白花蝴蝶蘭貯運後之生育。於貯運時添加LED光照並配合蘭菌接種與施用20-20-20肥料，有助於抽梗率之提高。其中對大白花蝴蝶蘭以配合接種R01抽梗率最高，而紅花朵麗蝶蘭則以配合接種R04效果最佳。 貯運前後施用離層酸（abscisic acid, ABA） 25ppm、BA（6-Benzylaminopurine）30ppm、氯化鈣（CaCl2）1000ppm、水楊酸(salicylic acid, SA) 15ppm 、茉莉酸(jasmonic acid, JA) 30ppm、移植生長素（立石三號, Lysine #3）500ppm或綜合天然細胞分裂素（立石25號, Lysine #25）500ppm七種藥劑，結果顯示於貯運前施用JA 30ppm有降低花苞萎凋數之效果，但會抑制其營養生長，導致開花品質不良；而貯運前施用BA 30ppm雖會使花苞萎凋數增加，但可增加花朵直徑及花朵總數，有利於貯運後蝴蝶蘭開花品質之提高，比施用其他藥劑更具實用性。 總結上述，於蝴蝶蘭苗期施用氯化膽鹼 (Choline chloride , CC) 300 ppm + 環己六醇 (Inositol) l50 ppm 有助於貯運後之生長，而施用移植生長素 (Lysine #3) 500 ppm + 氨基酸螯合劑（Aminosong）500 ppm有利於貯運後開花。建議應於蝴蝶蘭中或小苗時期開始施用，可減少施用次數，或是可先施用Lysine #3 與Aminosong 之後再施用CC與Inositol。貯運前噴施BA則有利於貯運後開花品質。而光線為影響蝴蝶蘭貯運後抽梗率及花朵數之主要因子，高光度對開花較有利，於貯運過程中放置LED燈亦有助於貯運後之生長。肥料比例對貯運後開花品質影響不顯著，以 Peters 20-20-20 表現最為穩定。蘭菌對蝴蝶蘭生長及貯運後開花之影響變異較大，大白花蝴蝶蘭（P. Sogo Yukidian × Taisuso Snow）以接種R01及R02表現較佳，而紅花朵麗蝶蘭（Dtps. Plum Rose × Fu Shin Wine）則是接種R02及R04較有利。

Only bare rooted Phalaenopsis plants can be exported to the United States from Taiwan in the past. Bare rooted plants may suffer from severe stresses such as water deficiency, darkness, and low temperature while transporting. In order to improve the orchid flower quality after transport, this study discussed the effects of orchid mycorrhizal fungi（R02, R02, R04）, light, fertilizer and plant growth substances（PGS）on the growth and development of Phalaenopsis spp. Hopefully, good managements and treatments could help the orchid industry in Taiwan. In P. Sogo Yukidian × Taisuso Snow, the application of PGS or inoculating with orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) R04 for three months, the chlorophyll meter reading ( CMR) declined. The application of Lysine #3 and Aminosong prior to transport could increase leaf number of P. Sogo Yukidian × Taisuso Snow , and if the plants were inoculated with R04 would be even better. The application of PGS or inoculating with R01 on Dtps. Plum Rose × Fu Shin Wine would reduce the CMR, yet spraying choline chloride (CC) 300 ppm and Inositol l50 ppm could increase leaf span and leaf number of this red flower orchid. The application of choline chloride (CC) 300 ppm and Inositol 150 ppm on either P. Sogo Yukidian × Taisuso Snow or Dtps. Plum Rose × Fu Shin Wine prior to transport could increase leaf span. While to apply Lysine #3 500 ppm and Aminosong 500 ppm could improve the flower stalk emergence rate and number of flowers after transport. Flower stalk emergence rate of P. Sogo Yukidian × Taisuso Snow would be improved by Lysine #3 and Aminosong treatment prior to transport on those plants previously inoculated with Rhizoctonia spp. of OMF. Inoculating R01 for three months could increase the number of leaves and leaf span of P. Sogo Yukidian × Taisuso Snow. Inoculating R02 can promote leaf span of Dtps. Plum Rose × Fu Shin Wine. These results showed that inoculating orchids with OMF could enhance vegetative growth of orchid, which might be resulted in the higher uptake and use of water and nutrients. The growth of orchid plants under low light have higher chlorophyll meter reading（CMR）then those grower under higher light intensity.. Inoculating R01 and R02 could enhance the growth of P. Sogo Yukidian × Taisuso Snow after simulated dark transport. The result in this experiment showed that the quality of orchid flower was primarily affected by light intensity, while effects of OMF was the second. Light, fertilizer and OMF would affect the flower bud abortion after simulated dark transport significantly. High light（12,800 lux） and OMF could increase the total flower number of P. Sogo Yukidian × Taisuso Snow after simulated dark transport. Light could promote the total flower number of Dtps. Plum Rose × Fu Shin Wine significantly. In P. Sogo Yukidian × Taisuso Snow, using 15-20-25 fertilizer without inoculating OMF has the highest flower stalk emergence rate. In Dtps. Plum Rose × Fu Shin Wine, using 20-20-20 fertilizer and inoculating with R02 has the highest flower stalk emergence rate. During simulated dark transport, the use of LED could prevent CMR to break down and increase bolting rate. Abscisic acid （ABA）, 6-Benzylaminopurine（BA）, CaCl2, salicylic acid (SA) , jasmonic acid (JA), Lysine #3 and Lysine #25 were sprayed prior or post to simulated dark transport. Results showed that using jasmonic acid (JA) 30ppm before transport reduced the flower bud abortion rate, but also inhibited plant growth which resulted in bad flower quality. Although the application of 6-Benzylaminopurine（BA）30ppm prior transport would increase flower bud abortion, but this treatment also increased diameter and total number of flowers. Therefore, BA treatment prior to transport improve the quality of flowers after transport, and showed higher value than spraying other PGS. In summary, application of CC + Inositol could promote the growth of Phalaenopsis orchid and application of Lysine #3 + Aminosong could increase flower quality after transport. It was suggested that the application of PGS could be carried out during small and middle age stages for orchid plant. Also the application of PGS could be changed from 7 to 6 times. It was suggested that the application of Lysine #3 + Aminosong for 6 times within 3 months and then applied CC + Inositol for another 3 months could enhance the growth of orchids. Sprayed BA prior or post to transport could improve the quality and number of orchid flower. Light intensity was primarily important for the flower stalk emergence rate and number of flower. Higher light intensity would be beneficial to the quality of flower than low light. During transport, the use of LED could improve the growth and flower after transport. Effect of fertilizer is not conspicuous, and Peters 20-20-20 may be stable for all stage of this orchid plants. Inoculating with R01 and R02 could promote white flower Phalaenopsis orchid growth; while inoculating with R02 and R04 would be beneficial for red flower of Phalaenopsis orchid.