《洛陽伽藍記》之時空敘事與記憶認同

Abstract

前人於《洛陽伽藍記》一書已有不少評析，多注意到本書在佛教、歷史、以及文學描寫方面的特色與成就。圍繞著《洛陽伽藍記》之討論大致可歸納為文學、歷史、考據、佛教等方面。而本論文所關注的議題主要可分為三方面：空間、敘事、記憶與認同。 在空間方面，寺宇描寫常被引申為宗教研究或作者個人信仰的材料、而古蹟敘述則在考古發掘報告陸續出現後經常被引述或作為參考的資料。這部分承襲歷來對本書詳實紀述的印象，即：在地理上考據詳實，在空間描繪上精審，在考古實測發表後更加強了本書於空間記錄上的可信度。但本論文所要探究的是，在實證之外，楊衒之的空間書寫其實無法一一道盡北魏洛陽的大小風貌，它是經過選擇的，作者所呈現的城市樣貌與原狀必定多少存在著誤差。由此出發，可以發現讀者所接收到的城市圖景，其實有著作者賦予的意義性。而楊衒之賦予洛陽的意義可大致歸為中心性與歷史感。 在敘事方面，圍繞的議題為《洛陽伽藍記》中緊連著空間之後的歷史敘述。歷來探討皆認為楊衒之於其中著錄了當代史事，且「可與史傳參證」，相當肯定其記實的程度。一些論及關於歷史記述的篇章，也多偏重於楊衒之對記敘當時史事的態度、出發點以及存錄事實的珍貴處。近來已有學者由敘事的角度重新探討楊衒之的歷史記述。本論文即承續此觀點，由敘事來分析書中的呈現何種題材內容，敘說方式所達到的效果，以及楊衒之由敘說所要表達詮釋的內涵。 由以上兩部分已可發現，選擇與呈現似乎是一直出現的關鍵詞。而作者在其中更具有重要角色，因為讀者是經由作者看見他所意欲呈現的景物，作者的觀點影響了讀者接收的結果。因此，作者的觀看本就受其知識觀念影響，而書寫時自然沒有絕對的客觀。本論文的研究擬進一步探討作者呈現偏向背後的動機或文化結構，記憶與認同的部分即是針對此點而開始。作者的身分/認同建構與歷史敘述密不可分。而本論文則由記憶論出發，記憶即是詮釋：各種管道所型塑的「歷史記憶」，以及個人的現實利益考量，都會影響對「過去」的看法。因此，記憶與認同、記憶與敘事間，有著緊密的關連。楊衒之寫作本書的動機本就起因於重返洛陽時，發現現實與過去的斷裂，「恐後世無傳」，因而必須記錄下他曾見聞的一切，以免被遺忘。而所記錄的內容在經選擇之後，呈現的其實包含了作者個人的認同。

Previous researches have studied《洛陽伽藍記》 from the respects of Buddhism, history, literature characteristics and accomplishment. This study intends to reveal different insights from the following respects: space, narrative, memory and identity. In this book, space description is done after selection, except substantial evidence. What this study would like to explore is the difference between the original city outlooks and the one presented by Yang (the author of 《洛陽伽藍記》). From this point of view, we can discover that the city landscape perceived by readers is given by Yang and is meaningful. Therefore, the values of Lo-Yang considered by Yang can be categorized to “Centralized” & “Sense of History”. In terms of narrative, most previous researches considered Yang did record the contemporary history which can be referred and proved to HISTORY. It’s quite authentic and trustworthy regarding the reality of the record. However, recent researches try to review the historic record from the perspective of narrative. Base on the above mentioned point, this study is trying to analyze the content, effect and interpretation of this book. It’s obviously that “selection” and “reproduction” are two key terms, where Yang represents more important role, as Yang’s seeing was affected by his own knowledge and notion and there’s no absolute objective in the record. Readers see TIME & SPACE via Yang’s view, so it results in that Yang’s outlook affects readers’ perception. Therefore, this study further explores motivation and culture structure of the bias caused by Yang from the perspective of “Memory” and “Identity”. It’s considered that memory, construction of identity and narrative of history are highly close to each other, so this study starts off from the theory of memory. Memory means “interpretation”, which means “history memory” described by varieties of channels and personal interests can affect views of “PAST”. Yang’s motivation of 《洛陽伽藍記》is to record everything he saw and heard to avoid oblivion, while he returned to Lo-Yang and found the gap between “current” & “past”. However, after selection, the content of his recording represents his personal identity.