文化、人格及認知行為的關係：個人層次的探討

Abstract

過去研究指出，東亞人對行為成因抱持互動論或整體性觀點，認為除了個人特質以外，情境對行為也有很大的影響力；相信所有事物間都有關連，所以喜歡複雜歸因、較容易產生事後解釋、較少相應推論偏誤等等。但是這些研究都有一個相同的限制，就是只有比較國家或族群間的差異，卻以自我構念、集體或個體主義文化價值、整體觀思維等理論概念來解釋其研究結果。本研究嘗試從個人層次著手，直接探討互依自我與獨立自我構念、集體主義與個體主義、整體觀與分析觀，以及歸因複雜度和認知行為之間的關係。研究一顯示，我們所選用的構念與工具，在台灣樣本中具有穩定的因素結構與合理的信效度，研究一並探討文化與人格的關係。在研究二中，我們以互依自我構念、集體主義、歸因複雜度、及整體觀區分參與者，並未得到與之前跨國比較研究相同的結果。為排除作業的可能混淆，研究三改採開放式作答，讓參與者對生活事件自由作歸因，結果發現互依自我構念與集體主義（代表東亞文化的心理構念）愈高，能預測個體會作較多的外歸因；而且歸因複雜度也能預測個體的歸因數量（包括內、外歸因）。本研究認為，過去所發現的文化差異尚有其他可能的解釋，若採用良好的文化心理測量工具，較妥善的作業操弄，則可發現東亞文化傾向較高的個體，確實會自發地作較多情境歸因，此結果符合之前理論的預期，應可彌補跨文化研究的不足。

Literature shows that East Asians hold a more complex interactionist theory regarding behavior and are held to reason holistically. This assumption makes East Asians believe that human behavior is always jointly determined by their personality and situation and that everything in the universe is related to everything else in some way. Therefore, East Asians possess relatively sophisticated attributional schemata, display greater hindsight bias, and are less susceptible to the correspondence bias, etc. However, these lines of research share the same limit—they only compare country differences; nevertheless, they tend to interpret these differences with theoretical concepts such as self-construals, collectivism-individualism, and holism. This study aimed to investigate the association among interdependent and independent self-construals, collectivism-individualism, holistic and analytic reasoning, attributional complexity, and behaviors. Study 1 investigated the association between culture and personality. In Study 2, participants were separated by interdependent self-construal, collectivism, holism, and attributional complexity. However, we didn’t have the same results with cross-culture researches. To exclude the confounding of tasks, we used an open-end task in Study 3—participants freely listed reasons for life events. Study 3 provided evidence that prosessing the East Asian cultural tendency could predict that individuals generated more external causes for explanation of life events: Individuals with higher interdependent self-construal or higher collectivism spontaneously attributed life events to the context. Besides, individuals with higher attributional complexity listed more reasons for life events. We think that there are some other ways that can explain the results found by past cross-culture research. If we use more appropriate measures and tasks, we will find that individuals with higher East Asian culture tendency spontaneously produce more external causes. This result may compensate for the insufficiency of cross-culture research.