公司、公私：勞動過程中的界線政治

Abstract

本研究試圖站在勞動過程研究的基礎上，透過在航空貨運承攬業M公司進行田野工作，觀察勞動過程中的公私界線劃界政治，來理解：雇主在特定歷史條件與社會脈絡中，如何藉著公與私的情境性定義，對勞動者私資源進行非正式徵用，以達成資本主義的核心目的（即剩餘價值的萃取與掩飾），並如何在勞動者實際參與符號商品的生產過程中，因著多層次公私界線的實作，而使勞雇權力關係得到重構的可能。 因此，從文獻回顧開始，我將從資本家如何獲利的古典命題出發，反省勞動過程研究對於解構資本主義的貢獻，及其對處理勞動者主體性的侷限，從而引進劃界工作。劃界工作一方面作為可操作的分析工具，一方面則能證成勞動者對形構其主體的參與性，同時還因構成、維持與化消界線所必涉入的權力關係，使得公與私在特定的歷史變遷與社會條件下，既可作為取得與掩飾剩餘價值核心手段，同時可作為改變勞動從屬性的契機。這使公與私的討論，在勞與雇作為勞動現場最核心的鬥爭關係的基礎上，具有意義。 因此在說明航空貨運承攬業M公司所遭遇的外部歷史與社會條件變遷後，我將討論田野中的工時、工資、獎懲、升遷等勞動過程基本問題，以理解M公司剩餘價值如何形成與掩飾。這除了使我們看見制度變化與外部條件變遷之間的關連外，也使我們理解雇主藉著制度設計，對公與私進行重新定義，而形塑出新的工時要求、工作分配與責任的意識形態。另一方面，在實際的勞動過程中，由於公與私在社會實在或象徵實在中，具有不同指涉與多層次的意涵，因而公與私不僅作為雇主的獲利工具，同時也在勞動者的參與定義中，帶來支配/從屬關係被辯證重構的機會，以及某種由下而上定義的新的「公」的可能。 因此，本研究企圖指出：「公」與「私」作為當前台灣資本主義取得與掩飾剩餘價值的特殊形式之一，它同時也在勞動者活出各種公私界線的勞動實作中，既參與了其主體的形塑，也彰顯了重構其權力位置的能量。這將補足過去勞動過程理論在主體性議題上的侷限。

In this study, on the basis of labor process theory, I try to do field work in an air cargo forwarder company, M company, to watch the politic boundary work of ‘Gong’ and ‘Si’, to understand that: In such kind of historical and social context, how does the employer informally appropriate the personal/private resources in employees’ selves by excising the situational definition of ‘Gong’ and ‘Si’ to obscure and secure surplus values. In other hand, we can also understand that: How does it possible that the employees reconstruct the power-subordinate relationship in the production of symbolic commodity with the multiple boundary work of ‘Gong’ and ‘Si’. Thus, from chapter 2, I will start my argument with the classical Marxism puzzle of how capitalists accumulating capitals. I will indicate that how labor process theory can challenge Capitalism, but I also will point out it’s restrictions about labor subjectivity. For the reason, I will bring the useful, operational analysis tool, boundary work, into my study. Boundary work can not only prove labor subjectivity, but also become the important means of obscuring and securing surplus values and the chance to reconstruct the employer-employee relationship in such kind of historical and social condition, just because the embedded powers when boundaries are constructed, maintained, and smoothed away. In other words, our discussion about ‘Gong’ and ’Si’ will be no meaning if it’s not on the basis of central contested relationship in the shop floor, employer-employees. Thus, after mentioning the outer changes of historical and social conditions M company faced, I will discuss the labor time, wages, bonus-penalty, and promotion, such primary questions in labor process theory, to help us understand the secrets of obscuring and securing surplus values in M company. It makes us to see the relations between the changes of systems and that of outer conditions; it also bring us understand that the formal way employer excise to redefine the concept of ’Gong’ and ‘Si’, and to form the new labor time demand, work-loading distribution, and the ideology about responsibility. In another hand, in the practices of labor process, because there are so many different references and multiple meanings about ‘Gong’ and ’Si’ in social reality and symbolic reality, these concepts can not only be the means for employer, but also can bring employees the chances to dialectically reconstruct the dominant/subordinated relationship, and the possibilities to form some new, bottom-up public, in their hands in defining ‘Gong’ and ‘Si’. In brief, this study is attempt to finger out that: ‘Gong’ and ‘Si’, as one special way for recent Taiwan Capitalists obscuring and securing surplus values, it as well as can let employees participate their subjectivities forming with their boundary works, and obvious the potential of reconstructing power strata. It can renew the topic about labor control and subjectivities that bygone labor process theories cannot resolve well.