生命週期評估結合風險評估應用於政策環評以一般廢棄物跨區焚化處理為例

Abstract

我國政府政策環境影響評估制度雖為完整法令體系，然而國內現行評估制度流程與方法、作業內容與實質評估工具，不甚清晰，相關機關執行難度高，無法對政策的內涵作出具體評析。具體量化的評估方法與技術為國內政策環評迫切需要發展之重大課題。 針對政策環評衝擊分析階段，將科學化的量化評估工具應用於政策環評當中，提供客觀具體的環境衝擊資訊。本研究以「一般廢棄物跨區焚化處理」政策環評為案例。依據政策環評程序，於政策環評衝擊分析階段，針對量化評估工具進行研究。 首先採用傳統生命週期評估作為工具，評估「一般廢棄物跨區焚化處理」各政策環境衝擊。並且對於生命週期評估方法應用於政策環評的缺失進行改善。探討風險評估概念結合於生命週期評估，應用至生命週期衝擊評估的人體毒性衝擊類別，解決傳統場址一致性生命週期評估中未考量排放源因地區差異性而產生不同人體毒性衝擊潛勢的缺失。 最後將說明如何將生命週期衝擊評估特徵化結果，按照政策環評評估項目與內容分類，填入生命週期評估特徵化結果於政策環評之矩陣表當中。達到科學方法量化環境衝擊、評估直接與間接的環境衝擊的目的。

In Taiwan the development of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) is on initial stage. There are a few finished cases for SEA, and most of them use qualitative analysis to estimate environmental impact. A qualitative method results in a subjective decision, so it is necessary to establish a quantitative tool in the procedure of SEA in Taiwan. A framework for SEA tested in a case study on a regional waste management includes the test of developing quantitative method such as traditional life cycle assessment (LCA) for impact assessment in SEA and site-dependent human toxic potential (sd-HTP) for human health in life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). Because of the lack of site-dependent information in traditional LCA method, adding sd-HTP will increase the accuracy of the model. The results of LCA indicate that the electric recycle in the incinerating process reduces environmental impact, and sd-HTP with local geography and exposure parameters affects numerous differences from traditional LCIA in human health category. In the end, integrating the LCA results into matrix is a proper way at present to establish a quantitative tool in the procedure of SEA. However the results of LCA can not cover all relevant types of environmental impacts. Therefore it would be useful to complement a traditional LCA with a structured qualitative approach in order to take into account all of the matrix items.