韓國財閥經濟體制後期TFT-LCD產業研究

Abstract

TFT-LCD產業在由於未來液晶電視市場的成長預期，各家廠商的積極投入，從2006年起產業環境開始出現許多不同以往的變化。目前全球TFT-LCD產業主要分佈在東亞，包括臺灣、韓國、日本及2004年末始加入競爭的中國。其中由於臺灣、韓國廠商在技術、資本上積極投資擴廠整合，逐漸成為主要領導廠商。韓國政府將TFT-LCD列為全國10大具有全球競爭力的產品之一，而臺灣政府也將TFT-LCD列為『兩兆雙星』。無論韓國或臺灣，TFT-LCD產業都得到政府的高度支持，因而可以確定這種高投入、高風險的產業是需要政府在背後奧援的。 本研究將從東亞發展型國家理論開始檢討，將國家介入市場運作視為發展型國家的共同基礎，討論國家介入的時機、方式及能力，並以國家創新系統為架構，對於韓國財閥經濟體制做完整介紹。進而藉由韓國TFT-LCD產業的發展來檢視韓國財閥經濟體制運作下產業所具備的優、劣勢，以及1997年金融危機發生後所面臨的挑戰。 韓國雖然經過金融危機，在外資強力介入下進行結構、體制的調整，但過去政府的管制、介入及整合產、官、學、研所留下的成果，加上長久以來所維持的財閥經濟架構影響力強大，韓國廠商在TFT-LCD產業仍有一定的發展優勢。 以TFT-LCD產業來看，臺灣廠商的先天體質即與韓國廠商不同，韓國是將國家資源集中放在三家廠商；臺灣卻將資源分散各處。臺灣依賴市場經濟甚深，廠商亦多以資本市場運作來募集資金。未來產業陸續經過整理，可望臺灣廠商的家數減少，政府可以更加集中資源，有鑑於TFT-LCD產業需要政府的高度支持，除了投資獎勵，在人才培養、技術研發、基礎建設等各方面政府都必須扮演更積極的角色。

TFT-LCD industry underwent some changes in 2006, due to the expectant growth of LCD TV and the more and more aggressive investment. Up until this point, TFT-LCD industry is mainly allocated all over East Asia, including Taiwan, Korea, Japan and China. Among these countries, corporations from both Taiwan and Korea utilized mass capital to invest on technology to gain market leadership. Korean government recognized TFT-LCD as one of the best 10 products which possess global competitive competency while Taiwanese government declared TFT-LCD the first priority in national project,兩兆雙星. Regardless, TFT-LCD industry obtained strong support from national government. Hence it is reasonable to assume that industry with high investment needs and high risk must attain strong backbone support from the authority. This study first examines the theory on East Asian development models and incorporates National Innovation System as a framework to introduce Korean Chaebol system. Further analyzes the development process of TFT-LCD industry in Korea to find the strength, weakness and future challenges of Korean Chaebol system. Both Taiwanese and Korean government adapted different measures to support development of TFT-LCD industry which effect in corporations with different competency. Korean government allocated resources mainly in 3 companies, in contrast to Taiwanese approach of distributing to numerous companies. As TFT-LCD industry evolves over time, Taiwanese government should decrease the number of firms and increase proportional resources.