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| DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
|---|---|---|
| dc.contributor.advisor | 丁照棣(Chau-Ti Ting) | |
| dc.contributor.author | Ching-Ho Chang | en |
| dc.contributor.author | 張景賀 | zh_TW |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2021-06-13T02:17:18Z | - |
| dc.date.available | 2016-08-04 | |
| dc.date.copyright | 2011-08-04 | |
| dc.date.issued | 2011 | |
| dc.date.submitted | 2011-08-01 | |
| dc.identifier.citation | Akashi H. (1994) Synonymous codon usage in Drosophila melanogaster: natural selection and translational accuracy. Genetics 136: 927-935.
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| dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/30829 | - |
| dc.description.abstract | 在許多物種中，其性染色體都是由同源體染色體演化而來。一般來說， Y 染色體喪失了性別決定因子外大部份的基因， X 染色體卻保留原本染色體上的基因 。由於在 XY 染色體之間停止互換，導致有害突變累積，因此造成 Y 染色體的退化。 在晚近形成的新性染色體中，屬於原體染色體的部份可供我們研究同源染色體演化為性染色體的過程。為了探究早期新性染色體的演化，我們比較具有新性染色體的紅果蠅中序列的差異和全轉錄體的模式。我們發現，雖然大部份的轉錄序列仍然有很強的負向選汰，但在 2344 個轉錄序列中，分別有 11.5% 和 2.7% 的轉錄序列顯示位於新 Y 基因座和新 X 基因座的基因表現量明顯下降。新性染色體表現量的分歧，是由於新 X 基因座過量表現以及新 Y 基因座表現量降低所造成的。此外，我發現這些具有表現量分歧的基因在新 X 和新 Y 基因座的序列間具有較高的差異。進而我們觀察到向來在雌性表現都較高的基因，其新 Y 基因座表現量往往降低；相反的，新 Y 基因座表現量升高會使基因在雄性中表現較高。我的結果顯示基因表現量在新性染色體的分歧在早期新性染色體演化扮演重要的角色。 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract | Sex chromosomes evolved independently from autosomes in various lineages. In general, Y chromosome lost most of its genes except for sex determination factors while X chromosome remains gene-rich. The degeneracy of Y-linked genes is caused by accumulation of deleterious mutations as a consequence of recombination inhibition between the sex-chromosome pairs. To decipher the transition from homologous autosomes to differentiated sex chromosomes, the recently fused autosomal regions of the neo-sex chromosomes in Drosophila albomicans provide a good model. Both of its sequence divergence and whole transcriptome profiles were compared to understand the early neo-sex chromosome evolution. I find that most neo-X and neo-Y linked alleles remain under purify selection (dN/dS=0.001/0.021). However, among 1,798 transcripts, 19.0% and 4.0% show significantly reduced gene expression in neo-Y and neo-X linked alleles, respectively. The expression divergence between neo-sex alleles was attributed to both upregulation of neo-X alleles and downregulation of neo-Y. In addition, the genes with expression divergence would have larger sequence divergence between neo-sex alleles. Further analyses reveal that old female-biased genes were prone to reduce the expression of neo-Y alleles, whereas upregulation of neo-Y alleles might shape new male-biased genes. My results indicate that the expression divergence between neo-sex chromosomes is an important step of ealy neo-sex chromosome evolution in D. albomicans. | en |
| dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-13T02:17:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ntu-100-R98b44010-1.pdf: 15745415 bytes, checksum: 3da94c4a0fbcb27d883f46176571edba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 | en |
| dc.description.tableofcontents | 口試委員會審定書 .….……………………………………………… i 誌謝 ………………………………………………...………………… ii 中文摘要 …..……………..………………………………………… v English Abstract ………..…….………………………………………. vi Contents ……………………………………………………………… vii List of Figures ...…………………………..……………….……….. ix List of Tables ...…………………………..………………..…………. xi Introduction ...…………………………………………………………. 1 Materials and Methods ………………..…………………………..…. 10
Drosophila strains ………………………………………………………….. 10 Genotyping ………………………………………………………………… 13 Two sets of library constructions and sequencing, 454 and Illumina ……… 13 Construction of reference sequences ………………………………………. 14 BLAST, assigning chromosomal locations of contigs, and GO search …..…. 15 Expression data analyses …………………………………………………… 17 Sequence-divergence data analyses ………………………………………… 18 In-situ hybridization of polytene chromosomes ……………….…………… 20 Results ……………………………………………………………..…. 21 Data processing …………………………………………………...………….. 21 Validation of SNP sites between neo-sex alleles and chromosomal locations . 26 Substition rates of neo-sex linked loci and autosomal loci ……….………….. 28 Expression analyses on neo-sex chromosome of D. albomicans ………….... 33 Discussion ……………………………..……………………………... 42 The contigs acquired from whole transcriptome analysis ……….…....…..... 42 Mapping results of Illumina reads ………………………………………….. 43 The evolutionary histories of the neo-sex system in D. albomicans ……...… 44 The sequence divergence between neo-sex chromosomes of D. albomicans and two species ……………………………………..…….……..…………..... 46 Neither demasculinization no feminization occurring on the 3rd arm of neo-X chromosome of D. albomicans …………………………….……………….. 50 Expression divergence between neo-sex chromosomes of D. albomicans ..... 51 Roles of differential expression between neo-sex alleles in neo-sex chromosome evolution …………………………………………………………………….. 53 Inferring early sex chromosome evolution according to neo-sex chromosomes of D. albomicans …………………………………………………………….. 55 References …………….………………………………………….….. 57 Appendices .…………………………………………………………... 67 | |
| dc.language.iso | en | |
| dc.title | 紅果蠅新 Y 染色體的早期演化 | zh_TW |
| dc.title | Early-Stage Evolution of the Neo-Y Chromosome in Drosophila albomicans | en |
| dc.type | Thesis | |
| dc.date.schoolyear | 99-2 | |
| dc.description.degree | 碩士 | |
| dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 張慧羽,李壽先,莊樹諄,林劭品 | |
| dc.subject.keyword | 性染色體演化,新性染色體,新Y染色體退化,性別拮抗選汰,紅果蠅,轉錄體分析, | zh_TW |
| dc.subject.keyword | sex chromosome evolution,neo-sex chromosomes,Y chromosome degeneration,sexually antagonistic selection,Drosophila albomicans,transcriptome analysis, | en |
| dc.relation.page | 94 | |
| dc.rights.note | 有償授權 | |
| dc.date.accepted | 2011-08-01 | |
| dc.contributor.author-college | 生命科學院 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.author-dept | 生態學與演化生物學研究所 | zh_TW |
| 顯示於系所單位： | 生態學與演化生物學研究所 | |
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