論Carl Schmitt的政治性概念

Abstract

本論文主要以Carl Schmitt的政治性概念為思考對象，全文分為五個部分：問題意識的說明（1）、政治性概念之意義（2）、敵友之分的反省（3）、敵友之分的單一形式與政治性的道德基礎（4）與結語（5）。筆者試圖先整理Schmitt對於政治性概念的說明，並且歸納其具有的基本特性。筆者認為，政治性概念具有三個基本特性：獨立性、具體情境與生存意義、群體性。獨立性是指政治性判準的獨立性，換言之，即是區分敵人與朋友之判準的獨立性；具體情境與生存意義則是為政治性與道德之間劃分界線；而群體性則是意味著透過敵人與朋友之區分而形成的敵群與友群之差異。爾後筆者將試圖從政治性統一體之持存性與權威性反省政治性概念上述基本特性所可能具有的潛在理論不清晰之處。在此，筆者主張兩個命題：第一、就政治性統一體之持存性而言，筆者主張為了克服在具體情境與生存意義所可能形成的不穩定性，因此政治性概念必須內存著單一形式（uni-form）的判準維持自身的持存性。透過單一形式的思考方向，可以連結起《政治性的概念》與《游擊隊理論》之間的理論關聯。第二、由於Schmitt明確主張政治性統一體對於個體有要求犧牲之權力。因此這個主張上將與道德有所關聯。換言之，筆者主張，Schmitt無法不將道德作為政治性概念之基本構成要素之一。筆者在最後一章將不以整理前幾章基本論述為重心，而是著眼於Schmitt的理論對於目前中文學界所可能的啟發意義，特別著重於東亞的戰爭與和平與台灣的憲政論述。

This thesis focuses on Carl Schmitt’s concept of the political. All the argumentations are divided into five parts: the explanation of the main problem (1), the meaning of the concept of the political (2), the reflection on the distinction between friend and enemy (3), the uni-form of distinction between friend and enemy and the moral foundation of the political (4), and the conclusion (5). In the second chapter the author tries to explain the concept of the political from Schmitt’s view of point and then in the third chapter to induce three main characteristics: the independence of the political, the concrete situation and existential sense, and the collectivity. The independence of the political is the independence of the criterion of the political, in other words, is the independence of the criterion on friend and enemy. What the concrete situation and existential sense focuses is to draw the frontier between the political and the moral. And the collectivity means the characteristic of grouping after making the decision on friend and enemy. After that, the author argues that there are some potential vagueness in Schmitt’s theory from the persistence and the authority of the political unity. There are two argumentations in this stage: the first one is the persistence, the author argues the political must has the “uni-form” in order to overcome the mingled-mangle situation generated form the concrete situation and existential sense. Based on the thinking of “uni-form”, we can build a theoretical connection between The Concept of the Political and The Theory of the Partisan. The second one is that because Schmitt clearly argues that the political unity can demand members to sacrifice themselves for the state so there will be some connection between the moral and the political. More clearly the author argues that Schmitt needs to take the moral as the fundamental element for the concept of the political. In the final chapter the author will focus on the possible meaning and influence of Schmitt’s theory to Taiwanese academic circle, especially on the topics of war and peace in East Asia and the constitutional discourse in the Taiwan Constitutional Reform.