小我或大我：人際目標對自我調節及利團體行為之影響

Abstract

自尊在西方社會是個很受歡迎的概念，因為對自我感到滿意被認為與個體表現及心理適應有關。然而後續研究發現一味強調提升自尊將造成個體過度聚焦自我，反而無益於自我調節及人際關係。J. Crocker認為個體若能採取自己與他人為一體的生態系統觀點將能避免追求自我形象帶來的副作用，因此提出兩種人際目標：關愛目標與自我形象目標。本研究目的在探討不同人際目標對個體自我調節及利團體行為之影響。以往研究顯示兩種人際目標對於心理適應與人際關係均有不同預測力。據此，研究一以96名受試者先進行中文版量表的信效度分析，結果顯示關愛目標能正向預測心理適應指標，自我形象目標則無預測力。研究二以209名受試者探討人際目標對自我調節歷程的影響。結果顯示關愛目標能有效預測建設性自我批評，自我形象目標則預測情緒性自我批評。研究三利團體行為的部分，以實地研究進行組內互評，結果發現在人際效應上，個體自我形象目標對其關愛目標與他人關係需求滿足具有調節作用，也就是說當個體持有高關愛目標時，組上其他人的關係需求滿足程度皆較高，但若個體同時也持有高自我形象目標則無此效果。在行動者效應上，關愛目標能顯著預測行動者受助程度及關係滿足程度，不受個體所持有的自我形象目標程度影響。以上結果顯示，關愛目標雖然聚焦於人際層次，但仍有助於提升個體的心理適應；同時，有利於個體與他人形成互相關照對方關係需求的正向循環。最後針對關愛與自我形象目標的研究與應用進行討論。

Self-esteem is a well-known construct in western society. It is related to individual achievement and psychological adjustment. However, previous studies found enhancing self-esteem would result in focusing on self, and then do harm to self regulation and interpersonal relationship. J. Crocker proposed individuals adopting ecosystem perspective would see people as interconnected and avoid negative effects of pursuing self-image. As a result, she proposed two interpersonal goals: compassionate goal and self-image goal. Previous studies showed that two interpersonal goals predicted psychological adjustment and relationship quality distinctively. Thus, study 1 recruited 96 participants for testing the psychometric properties of Chinese version of interpersonal goal measure. Results indicated compassionate goal predicted psychological adjustment positively, and self-image goal did not predict psychological adjustment. Study 2 recruited 209 participants to examine how interpersonal goals influence self-regulation. Results revealed that compassionate goal predicted constructive self-criticism, and self-image goal predicted emotional self-criticism. Study 3 used field study and group evaluation to examine the correlation between interpersonal goals and pro-group behavior. About partner effect, compassionate goal predicted partners’ relationship need satisfactory; self-image goal moderated this effect. About actor effect, compassionate goal predicted individuals’ received help and relationship need satisfactory. In sum, although compassionate goal focuses on interpersonal level, it enhances individuals’ psychological adjustments. Besides, compassionate goal benefits individuals to consider each other and form a positive path among themselves and others. Possible theoretical and practical applications of the research findings were discussed.