九一一事件後的美加反恐合作與爭議

Abstract

九一一事件後恐怖主義威脅再度成為國際焦點，國際社會興起新一波的反恐合作高潮。由於反恐議題涉及各層面的互動以及具有高度政治性，部分反恐措施甚至可能衝擊到一國的主權性，因此各國在合作的同時也容易產生爭議。反恐的必要性與特殊性，加上美加關係的緊密性與特殊性成為本文研究的動機。本文研究目的有三，首先在了解美加兩國在九一一事件後的反恐合作情形、促成兩國合作的原因，並且評估反恐合作政策的成效。其次，探究兩國在反恐上的爭議、導致爭議的原因以及爭議的解決方法，尤其是兩國在伊拉克戰爭上的歧見，文中詳細分析了加拿大在此事件上的決策考量。最後，分析反恐議題上的互動對兩國關係的影響，尤其是反恐合作對於加拿大自主性的影響，文中也評估了兩國的互動是否為過去互動模式的重現，進而展望未來兩國關係將持續因為反恐而產生什麼樣的影響，以及未來在反恐上兩國的合作與爭議情形。本文研究發現，兩國在反恐互動上符合現實主義的各項假設，兩國皆是依據國家利益決策，突顯權力的不對稱性，但是基於兩國關係的密切性以及長久以來建立的互動模式，兩國的反恐爭議並未根本衝擊雙邊關係，反恐合作也並未讓加拿大失去自主性或是使兩國走向進一步的整合。

After September 11, the threat of terrorism has become the focus of international society again, which boosts antiterrorism cooperation among states. Antiterrorism measures involve almost every issue areas and are highly political. Therefore, disputes arise while states closely cooperate with each other on antiterrorism. The necessity and character of antiterrorism, along with the close and special relationship between the United States and Canada, attribute to the study of the following questions in this thesis. First, the antiterrorism cooperation between the United States and Canada. How and why these two countries cooperate with each other are discussed, followed by the evaluation of the efficiency of cooperation. Second, antiterrorism disputes between the United States and Canada. What these disputes are, the reason why these disputes happen, and how these two countries solve theses disputes are discussed. Among several disputes, Iraqi war is a major one. As a result, factors that attributed to Canada’s decision are analyzed. Last, the influence of the interaction on antiterrorism on U.S.-Canada relationship is assessed, especially the influence on Canada’s independence and autonomy. Whether the interaction is a reflection of the existent mode of interaction or not, how it will influence bilateral relations and how these two countries will deal with antiterrorism issues in the future are discussed. These following findings can be found. The interaction between the United States and Canada on antiterrorism is consistent with the premises of Realism. Both of them make their decisions based on individual national interests. The effect of asymmetrical power does happen. However, because of the closeness between these two countries and the longstanding mode of interaction, US.-Canada relations are not fundamentally influenced by antiterrorism disputes, and antiterrorism cooperation does not make Canada more dependent on or integrated with the United States, either.