自然景觀對人之心理生理反應及偏好和注意力恢復、反省能力之研究

Abstract

「仁者樂山，智者樂水」，大部分的人對山景和海景的偏好可能不同，如同過去學者曾經提出的，就外觀而言，具有高偏好和高恢復潛力的景觀（如山和湖）是自然的、具有顯著的地形變化，而較高的偏好和注意力恢復評估往往與水體是否存在有關。山景與海景各具不同的環境元素，這些因素是否會影響偏好，而不同的偏好又是否會影響觀賞者觀看景觀後所獲得之注意力恢復（Recovery）及反省（Reflection）能力的程度，是本研究亟欲探討的。此外，本研究亦探討不同的自然景觀類型對觀賞者之心理生理（Psychophysiology）效益。 研究中首先以預設的注意力疲乏情節使觀賞者有注意力疲乏或無注意力疲乏，在使之觀看自然景觀中的山景或海景，請受測者想像在該環境中漫步一小時，最後以問卷測量其偏好、注意力恢復（Recovery）和反省（Reflection）程度，並在過程中以生理回饋儀器記錄其肌電值（Electromyography, EMG）與心跳（Heart Rate, HR）。 結果顯示，山景與海景在偏好和注意力恢復上達顯著，皆以海景之效益較高，但在反省程度上的差異不顯著；而有無注意力疲乏之差異對心理方面的影響皆未顯著，可能原因為注意力疲乏情節的效果被景觀所分散；心理生理方面，有無景觀刺激和有無注意力疲乏的差異達顯著，表示有觀看景觀之心理生理情形較佳，且有注意力疲乏者觀看景觀所獲得之心理生理效益大。但山景與海景的差異僅對肌電值（EMG）達顯著影響，以海景的效果較佳。此外，偏好與觀賞者之注意力恢復及反省能力皆有關，表示環境中的偏好評估愈高，觀賞者之注意力恢復及反省情形愈好。

“The benevolent like mountains and the wise like the sea.” Most people’s preferences for mountain and sea views vary as the two include numerous elements. Researchers have discovered that the most highly preferred and restorative scenes (hills and lakes) are natural and include significant variations in topography, particularly the presence of water. This paper seeks to report on the effects of these elements in regards to people’s preferences after accessing such views as well as people’s psychophysiological responses to different natural landscapes. First, we asked participants to imagine themselves as either attentionally fatigued or fully refreshed. We then projected slides for the participants to view that simulated a walk through the mountains or by the sea for one hour. During the course of experiment, a biofeedback system recorded participants’ electromyogram (EMG) and heart rates (HR). Participants subsequently rated their preferences, recovery, and reflection on a questionnaire. The results indicate that people’s preferences and recovery for mountain and sea views differ significantly, although their reflection did not. Sea views had greater effects than mountain views. In regards to psychological responses, the influence of being attentionally fatigued did not indicate any significant differences; this may be due participants’ distraction by the landscape. In regards to psychophysiological responses, the stimuli of the landscape and being attentionally fatigued demonstrated significant differences, meaning people can achieve more health outcomes by viewing natural scenes. Moreover, those with attentional fatigue showed greater outcomes than those without attentional fatigue. Finally, the EMG data indicated that sea views provided better responses than mountain views. In addition, preference correlated closely with recovery and reflection, meaning the greater the preference, the better the recovery and reflection.