精芻料比例調整與飼糧微生物添加對臺灣長鬃山羊採食及糞便型態之影響

Abstract

本試驗以臺北市立動物園（Taipei Zoo）園內所圈養之臺灣長鬃山羊（Formosan serow, Capricornis crispus swinhoei）為研究對象。試驗分為四個部分：（一）採集民國95年1月至12月園內餵飼臺灣長鬃山羊之飼料，並分析其乾物質（dry matter, DM）、粗蛋白質（crude protein，CP）、中洗纖維（neutral-detergent fiber，NDF）、酸洗纖維（acid-detergent fiber，ADF）以及灰分（ash）等組成分，得知主要芻料的桑葉、山麻黃葉的含水量秋、冬兩季較低，中洗纖維含量在春、秋兩季較少，酸洗纖維在夏、秋兩季較少，而灰分含量普遍在年底較高；相較而言，屬於精料的胡蘿蔔、甘藷以及粒狀料是組成分較為穩定的飼料。（二）為了解何種精芻料餵飼比例不會造成長鬃山羊下痢，且有較健康的糞便菌相，以九頭成年臺灣長鬃山羊（六公三母）進行精芻料比例試驗，以動物採食量、糞便型態以及糞便菌相消長情形為指標，藉以了解何種精芻料比例會對腸道健康產生負面影響。預備試驗期間，呼名長朴的長鬃山羊之精芻料乾物質採食比例自25：75逐步增加至45：55，其糞便含水量自顆粒分明的49.8% 提高至下痢狀態的82.1%，糞便中的病原菌 Shigella spp. 增加至4.14×108 CFU/g，Clostridium spp.增加至4.70×108 CFU/g，常駐菌E. coli達到最大量的1.02×109 CFU/g，至於益菌Bifidobacterium spp. 則減少為9.01×104 CFU/g；計算其精料採食量與體重的比值，若採食超過體重1.06%的粒狀料，將會出現下痢的狀況。正式試驗則給飼不同比例的精芻料範圍，隨著精芻料採食比例自30：70逐步調高至38：62，乾物質採食量隨之提升，糞便形態仍維持顆粒分明，而E. coli. 增加到1.09×109 CFU/g，病原菌Shigella spp.增加至3.01×108 CFU/g，Clostridium spp.增加至4.47×108 CFU/g；依據益菌 / 病原菌以及益菌 / 常駐菌比例判斷，在精芻料比例38：62範圍之內，採食精芻料之比例並不影響糞便菌相的變化，且在此範圍之內，動物並不會出現下痢的症狀。（三）欲了解飼糧添加微生物是否會對臺灣長鬃山羊採食量及糞便菌相產生影響，以六頭成年臺灣長鬃山羊（三公三母），添加Enterococcus faecium（活菌數為1.5×109 CFU/g）以及酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae（活菌數為2.0×1010 CFU/g）0.5 g/日/頭於飼糧之中。結果發現添加與否並不會影響動物採食乾物質的組成分、糞便含水量以及糞便組成分，但可以提高試驗組採食精芻料比例達41：59，此外添加微生物可以提升益菌Bifidobacterium spp.至3.80×106 CFU/g，病原菌Shigella spp.減少至2.22×106 CFU/g，Clostridium spp.減少至1.40×108 CFU/g，對於腸道菌相為正面的幫助。（四）測試單獨給予驅蟲藥Ivermectin或者同時給予Mebendazole的驅蟲效用，後者分別採用連續給藥五天以及分段給藥（每次給藥三天，停藥四天，三個循環）兩種方式，發現同時給藥組有較佳的驅蟲效用，而分段給藥方式能使線蟲完全驅離，然對球蟲毫無功效。綜上所述，芻料品質會隨季節不同而有所差異，但無法證明為造成動物下痢的原因。在精芻料比例低於38：62，不會造成動物下痢，且不影響腸道菌相變化；若於飼糧中添加微生物E. faecium以及S. cerevisiae，可以提高長鬃山羊的精料採食量，增加腸道中的Bifidobacterium spp，抑制Shigella spp及Clostridium spp.。欲驅離長鬃山羊消化道寄生蟲，應使用組合驅蟲藥劑，採用分段給藥法，且應增加球蟲藥的使用。

The captive Formosan serows (Capricornis crispus swinhoei) in Taipei Zoo were used in this study. The study was devided into four parts. First, Formosan serows’ feedstuffs from January to December in 2006 were collected and analyzed for contents of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral-detergent fiber (NDF), acid-detergent fiber (ADF), and ash. The main forages (Morus australis leaves and Trema orientalis leaves) contained less water in fall and winter; less NDF in spring and fall, less ADF in summer and fall; more ash in the end of the year. Campared to forages, concentrates of carrot, sweet potato and concentrate pellets had more stable nutrient compositions. The second part of the study was to know what concentrate to forage ratio (C:F) range would not cause diarrhea, nine serows (six males and three females) were used in the study with dry matter intake (DMI), fecal conformation, and fecal flora as the indicators of animal health. In the pilot experiment, when the serow named Chang-pu was fed diets with C:F changed from 25:75 to 45:55, its fecal water content changed from 49.8% to 82.1%. The density of pathogens Shigella spp. increased to 4.14×108 CFU/g, Clostridium spp. increased to 4.70×108 CFU/g; the desity of E. coli increased to 1.02×109 CFU/g; the density of Bifidobacterium spp. decreased to 9.01×104 CFU/g. When Chang-pu has taken more than 1.06% BW of concentrate pellets, caused diarrhea. In the formal experiment, when C:F was changed from 30:70 to 38:62, DMI increased and the feces stayed granulated. The density of E. coli increased to 1.09×109 CFU/g; pathogens Shigella spp. increased to 3.01×108 CFU/g, Clostridium spp. increased to 4.47×108 CFU/g. When the C:F was under 38:62, the ratio of (Bifidobacterium spp.+ Lactobacterium spp.) / (Shigella spp. +Clostridium spp.) and (Bifidobacterium spp.+ Lactobacterium spp.) / (E. coli+ Enterococcus spp.) in fecal flora were not affected. The third part of the study was to know whether the supplement of microorganism would affect DMI and fecal flora. A ration of 0.5 g/day.head Enterococcus faecium and Saccharmyces cerevisiae was provided to six serows (three males and three females). Microbial supplementation did not affect DMI, fecal water content and composition, but allowed the C:F increased to 41:59. Microbial supplement also increased Bifidobacterium spp. to 3.80×106 CFU/g, decreased pathogens Shigella spp. to 2.22×106 CFU/g, and decreased Clostridium spp. to 1.40×108 CFU/g which had positive impact to intestinal flora.. The fourth part of the study was to give Ivermectin 200 μg/kg BW alone or with Mebendazole 10 mg/kg BW in five days continually or repeated with three cycles of three days medication followed by withdrew of four days. Anthelmintic combination treatment in three cycles had the best effect on round worms, but no effect on coccidia. In conclusion, the quality of forages changed in different seasons, but there was not proved to be related to diarrhea. When the C:F was under 38:62, the animal did not have diarrhea, and fecal flora was normal. The supply of E. faecium and S. cerevisiae increased serow’s concentrate intake and the density of fecal Bifidobacterium spp., decreased the density of pathogens Shigella spp. and Clostridium spp. In summary use Ivermectin and Mebendazole together in 3 cycles was effective to round worms, but not coccidia. And anticoccodoal drugs should be used in Formosan serows’ anthelmintic project.