中國勞動統計之問題及其影響

Abstract

中國的統計業務在體制上，以國家統計局為國內單一統計機構，獨攬全部統計權責。由於缺乏法制的保護與獨立地位，因此難以避免上級黨政府影響統計的正確性。另一方面，地方政府對地方統計機構亦進行控制，官員為了政績而捏造統計數字，造成中國統計難以脫離「政治操縱」，而影響其數字發佈的真實性。 除了「政治操縱」之外，中國統計亦面臨「技術困難」的問題。中國統計指標將從業人員與職工區隔，從業人員不計入在鄉鎮企業、私營企業等單位工作的職工，難以完整描述中國目前的就業現況。 相對就業而言，失業統計亦有技術困難的問題。中國失業統計有年齡上限，亦不計入農村與流動農民工，也排除下崗職工(不在原單位工作但與原單位契約尚存，由原單位發放保險與薪資者)。在失業率統計方面，中國失業率以在城鎮進行失業登記的比率作為發佈，其限制登記行為，忽略了就業者的其他求職行為。而限定在城鎮亦排除農村的失業率，以及流動農民工在城市求職所發生的失業行為。 中國統計問題的成因，其實是中國政府權力過度膨脹。其原因包括了共產黨的本質和專政的政治制度、財政聯邦主義以及漸進式的改革開放。而統計的影響層面則在於政府制定政策時，無法藉由統計作為預警和政策參考。投資者則是由於錯誤資料的引導，將造成錯誤且浪費的決策。中國唯有改革其政治制度，讓統計業務不受政治的操縱，才能真正解決統計問題。

As a single frame, National Bureau of Statistics of China takes the whole responsibilities of China statistics. As ruled by central government and absent of law to support, it is difficult to be avoid of government manipulation. Besides, local government can also control the local statistics to affect its accuracy. Bureaucracy manipulate statistics as to persuade achievements of office career which results in inaccurate statistics. However, there is still another problem of China statistics. Technical failure also affects the accuracy. The indicator of employment is different from of international criteria. China use “chih-kung” which does not account of rural industry and self-owned industry. In unemployment, China set age upper-bond when counting for unemployment which does not include of rural residents. Moreover, Unemployment does not include of “hsia-kang- chih-kung” which means workers stop working in the original place while contract is still effective. In the aspect of unemployment rate, China publishes as the rate in urban unemployment register. It ignores other behaviors of job seeking and the unemployment in the rural district. The main cause of China statistic failure is the over-booming of government right. The booming is the results of political institution which is of Communist party, financial federalism, gradualism of revolution. However, statistics affect on many aspects. Government policy and decision making is lack of advices by statistics. Invest made with wrong statistic data and cause wasted investment. Still, Chinese is mislead by statistics and make wrong judgements of China. To accurate China statistic is to re-establish political institutions. Re-establishment avoids statistics manipulated by government. Nevertheless, it is the fist goal for China government to pursue stability. As the results, it is impossible for re-establishment as accurate statistics.