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標題: | 守護精靈、武裝熊、生態伊甸園:菲力普.普曼《黑暗元素三部曲》中動物與人的關係 Animal Daemon, Armored Bear, and Ecological Eden: Animal-Human Relationships in Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials |
作者: | Ling Wang 王翎 |
指導教授: | 古佳艷(Chia-Yen Ku) |
關鍵字: | 菲力普.普曼,《黑暗元素三部曲》,動物與人的關係,兒童文學,奇幻文學,娥蘇拉.勒瑰恩,理查.布利耶,後畜養時代,動物變形,野孩子,生態伊甸園, Philip Pullman,_His Dark Materials_,animal-human relationship,fantasy,Ursula K. Le Guin,Richard W. Bulliet,postdomesticity,animal metamorphosis,bestial child,ecological Eden, |
出版年 : | 2008 |
學位: | 碩士 |
摘要: | 本論文探討菲力普.普曼《黑暗元素三部曲》中之動物形象及動物與人的關係,分章細論人類及其守護精靈(daemon)、武裝熊族(armored bears)及謬爾發族(mulefa)的世界。研究結果顯示,《黑暗元素三部曲》小說中動物與人的關係不僅以多面向呈現,更兼具前瞻性,超越「畜養時代」的想像框架,展現「後畜養時代」想像的特點。
論文第一章以娥蘇拉.勒瑰恩(Ursula K. Le Guin)對兒童文學中動物故事的觀察為基礎,以理查.布利耶(Richard W. Bulliet)對動物與人關係的四階段歷史論述為主體,提出一參考框架,用以檢視普曼的小說中對人類守護精靈及各個奇幻種族的描寫,如何呈現不同階段的特點。 布利耶認為,動物與人的關係在歷史上的演變可概分為四個時期:「分離」(separation)、「前畜養時代」(predomesticity)、「畜養時代」(domesticity)及「後畜養時代」(postdomesticity)。在「分離」之前,人類只是眾多動物種族中的一種。在「分離」這個過渡性時期,人類開始認為自己和動物是不同的。在「分離」之後的「前畜養時代」,人類相信動物具有神祕或象徵性的力量。當人類逐漸開始「畜養」並以各種方式利用動物,動物在人類想像中不僅神祕性盡失,更慢慢被汙名化及邊緣化。布利耶提出對於動物與人關係的新想像——屬於「後畜養時代」的願景,在「後畜養時代」中,前畜養時代對於動物神祕力量的想像被重新召喚,動物與人之間的界線也被重新考量。 第二章探討人類與守護精靈間的牽繫和相伴。此三部曲對守護精靈的描寫融合了「動物變形」(animal metamorphosis)及「野孩子」(bestial child)等兒童文學中的常見主題。在過往兒文作品中,「動物變形」及「野孩子」的描寫多半仍限於「畜養時代」的想像範疇,而普曼對此二主題的呈現則超脫舊有框架,不僅認可了「心中的野獸」(beast within),更強調人與動物共存且不可分離的重要性。 第三章討論首部曲中如何先建立人類與動物不同之處在於有守護精靈的概念,而此概念卻又在接下來第二、三部曲中,因為沒有守護精靈的人類和其他同樣有智識及文化的種族陸續出現而遭到挑戰。當人與動物間的界線趨於模糊,而人類只是武裝熊、謬爾發族、天使及平行宇宙中眾多種族中的一種,屬於「後畜養時代」的種族觀也由此浮現。 第四章中引用生態批評中關於「生態伊甸園」(ecological Eden)的論述,討論如何將謬爾發族所居住的世界視為一生態伊甸園。謬爾發族和人類有相似的部份,也有相異的部份,而兩個種族相異之處恰可以解釋為何人類註定會被逐出伊甸園,而謬爾發族卻可以長久居住在伊甸園般的世界,和其他動植物和平共生,並維繫此世界的生態平衡。 This thesis studies the portrayal of animal characters and animal-human relationships in Philip Pullman's His Dark Materials trilogy. The daemon-human pairing, the species of armored bears, and the world of mulefa are examined respectively. The animal-human relationships in the trilogy are manifested as multi-faceted and visionary, going beyond the imaginary scope of the domestic era and stepping into that of the postdomestic era. In the first chapter, a framework taken from Ursula K. Le Guin's observation of animals in children’s fiction is modified by adopting Richard W. Bulliet's historical study of animal-human relationships. This referential framework is used for examining features related to phases of separation, predomesticity, domesticity, and postdomesticity as displayed in the portrayal of daemon-human pairing and fantastic species in Pullman's trilogy. Bulliet conceives the history of animal-human relationship as starting with the phase of “separation.” Before the “separation,” human beings were “among” rather than “above” other species. After the “separation” is the predomestic era, in which humans still believed in the mythical powers of animals. As humans proceeded further into the domestic era, animals were gradually stigmatized and marginalized in human imagination. Bulliet proposes a new way for imagining animal-human relationship: a postdomestic vision in which prehistoric feelings about animals are recalled and animal-human boundary is reconsidered. In the second chapter, I argue that by incorporating the traditional themes of “animal metamorphosis” and “bestial child” that belong to the realm of domestic imagination, the daemon-human pairing not only recognizes the “beast within” but also asserts the co-existence of and the inseparability between human and animal. In the third chapter, I argue that the differentia for human as daemon is established and then challenged as humans with/out daemons and other species are juxtaposed. A postdomestic vision of species emerges as the boundary between human and animal blurs, and humans are placed among bears, mulefa, angels, and other beings in multiple universes. The fourth chapter provides a reading of the world of mulefa as an ecological Eden. The differences between human beings and mulefa explain why human beings are doomed to be expelled from the Garden of Eden whereas the mulefa live in an Edenic state. In a prehistoric, tribal society, the mulefa, seedpod trees, and other neighboring species live in a balanced, symbiotic state. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/27120 |
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