倪瓚與元末小楷

Abstract

本文旨在重新看待元末明初時期書壇上的紛呈現象，以楷書為觀察中心，透過大量書蹟比對，談論此時書法風格的走向與詩畫之間的互動。楷書在元代的發展在元末達到書寫高潮；今日所見書蹟既多且廣，從陶宗儀《書史會要》（1376）一書來觀察，可見許多專門書家的湧現。而經由實際作品統計可知，在眾多書畫題記中，小楷書體佔了相當大的比例，不容忽視。畫上題記的風氣是元末特殊的時代現象，而在這群人當中，又以倪瓚（1306-1374）的影響力最大。 以往被歸類成為個性書家或隱逸書風代表的倪瓚，其實也受到趙孟頫（1254-1322）復古思想的洗禮，和同時代的其他人各以不同的方法來詮釋魏晉古體，互有影響。運用風格分析來觀察倪瓚與友人的書法，可以明瞭其中的變化與取捨和整個元代的書學氣氛轉變有關；他們共同的鑑賞經驗也是促成這種轉變的契機。而倪瓚最後定型的小楷書風，其實是一種創新，也是使他的書藝成就特出於他人之上的關鍵。另外，從這時期繪畫作品上的眾人題詠來觀察，亦可發現倪瓚在同一交遊鑑賞圈中似乎有著主導性地位，詩文唱和更勝以往，出現了一種不同於以往畫面構成的視覺美感。這種詩書畫更進一步結合的現象，幾乎完成了後世文人畫的一種典型，也使得他在世時即備受景仰，並在後來歸為元四家之列。

This thesis, by focusing on the regular script of the numerous Late Yuan and Early Ming dynasty calligraphy works and its reciprocal comparison, aims to reexamine the state of calligraphy and its stylistic development of the period. The regular script in the Yuan Dynasty（1271-1368） comes to the pinnacle of its development in late 14th century, numerous calligraphy artworks, letters and inscriptions abundantly evidence it. Thorough examination these works reveals the fact that legions of cologhons and inscriptions were executed in small regular script. Among this phenomenon, Ni Zan (1306-1374) played the key role. The ideas of the fugu movement (antique revival) by Zhao Mengfu (1254-1322) inspired Ni Zan to develop his own individual style, which derived its inspiration and strength in the new perception of the calligraphic style of the Wei-Jin period. The stylistic analysis of Ni Zan’s calligraphy and that of his artistic milieu provides a new understanding of the steps of the development and newly-formed tendencies of Yuan dynasty calligraphy. Another aspect of this research focuses on colophons by Ni Zan and his friends. The careful examination of the colophons revealed a new co-existance of space of the painting itself and structure of the inscribed colophones. Ni Zan’s individual style of inscribing the paintings furthered the convergence of the art of poetry, painting and calligraphy, which almost complete the form of literati painting, and exerted a significant influence on later generations.