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完整後設資料紀錄
DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
---|---|---|
dc.contributor.advisor | 魏恆巍(Hen-Wei Wei) | |
dc.contributor.author | Wen-Zan Chiu | en |
dc.contributor.author | 邱雯政 | zh_TW |
dc.date.accessioned | 2021-05-13T06:42:56Z | - |
dc.date.available | 2017-02-17 | |
dc.date.available | 2021-05-13T06:42:56Z | - |
dc.date.copyright | 2017-02-17 | |
dc.date.issued | 2017 | |
dc.date.submitted | 2017-02-13 | |
dc.identifier.citation | 經濟部。2015。國家標準草案徵求意見。標準公報。2: 2-3。
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dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/2605 | - |
dc.description.abstract | 本研究之主旨為建立孵化場廢棄物之最佳化處理方法與條件,並建立評估指標反應模式。多方面的評估決定孵化場廢棄物最佳化的處理條件,並以此條件生產廢棄蛋蛋粉。接續評估廢棄蛋蛋粉作為蛋白質補充原料於產蛋雞與年輕豬隻飼料之應用參數與價值,最後添加於產蛋雞與保育豬飼料中,了解其應用價值。孵化場廢棄物由無精蛋、中止蛋、破殼失敗之雛雞與蛋殼組成,含有豐富的粗蛋白質與鈣。現行的掩埋與加熱煮沸等方法未能充分利用其豐富營養價值的特性。本研究以熱處理作為方法。試驗設計使用中心複合設計。以加熱時間與溫度建構蛋白質體外消化率、乾物質、電能、粗蛋白質、真蛋白質、沙門氏菌與大腸桿菌之反應模式。以最高的蛋白質體外消化率作為主要訴求,乾物質87%與較低的電能消耗作為限制條件。當加熱溫度為65℃,加熱時間為23 h 時為此需求之最佳化處理條件。本研究共製作 16 批次廢棄蛋蛋粉,其組成為乾物質88.3%、粗蛋白質38.0%、灰分27.8%、脂肪21.5%、鈣與磷分別是14.5 與1.6%。使用性成熟雄蛋雞檢測廢棄蛋蛋粉之氮矯正表面代謝能為3378.4 kcal/kg。廢棄蛋蛋粉於蛋雞之能量、粗蛋白質、脂質、乾物質、鈣與磷之消化率,雌蛋雞之數據分別為為87.9、88.6、77.8、85.7、90.2 與62.5%;雄蛋雞分別為82.1、78.5、60.1、74.5、40.3 與37.2%。雌蛋雞之各項營養成份之消化率皆顯著高於雄蛋雞(P < 0.05);而廢棄蛋蛋粉於保育豬與生長豬之表面消化能分別為2629.1 與3637.4 kcal/kg。藉由外科手術將矽膠瘻管裝置於保育豬與生長豬迴腸末端,收集迴腸內容物計算迴腸可消化率。結果顯示,廢棄蛋蛋粉於保育豬之乾物質、粗蛋白質、脂質、鈣與磷之迴腸可消化率分別為55.3、36.3、58.0、55.1 與60.3%;而生長豬各項營養成份之迴腸可消化率皆顯著高於保育豬者(P < 0.05),分別為90.5、87.5、86.8、77.2 與75.3%。廢棄蛋蛋粉之產蛋雞試驗由 100 隻、23 週齡海蘭品系來亨蛋雞逢機平均分入五組。對照組為含魚粉2%,其餘四組分別為添加廢棄蛋蛋粉0、4、8 或12%。試驗結果廢棄蛋蛋粉對產蛋雞之產蛋性能與蛋品質並未有負面的影響。凡添加廢棄蛋蛋粉之組別,蛋殼強度顯著高於2%魚粉組與未添加組別。品評試驗之結果顯示,添加廢棄蛋蛋粉之組別平均有3%的人查覺異味,但認為該味道不影響風味,對照組查覺異味的比例為3.3%。另一方面保育豬試驗添加4%廢棄蛋蛋粉配製飼糧。與對照組、2%血漿蛋白添加組進行比較。試驗結果顯示各組之間生長性能並沒有顯著差異(P > 0.05)。免疫表現方面,廢棄蛋蛋粉添加組之血漿與腸道黏膜IgA 之濃度顯著高於對照組(P <0.05)。小腸絨毛性狀在各處理間並無顯著差異。總而言之,本研究建立孵化場廢棄物處理為廢棄蛋蛋粉之反應模式,可依不同之需求產生最佳化之處理條件組合。以最高的蛋白質體外消化率、87%乾物質與較低的電能消耗作為最佳化之參數。經過產品品質最佳化後生產之廢棄蛋蛋粉添加12%於產蛋雞飼糧,對其本身、產蛋性能與蛋的品質皆無負面影響,而在蛋殼強度有正面的增進。應用於豬隻,生長豬較保育豬能充分利用廢棄蛋蛋粉之營養成份。於保育豬添加4%廢棄蛋蛋粉對其生長並未有負面的影響,血漿與腸道黏膜IgA 濃度提升可降低大腸桿菌可能之影響,且不影響腸道絨毛之性狀。此結果可作為未來處理孵化場廢棄物與應用廢棄蛋蛋粉之參考。 | zh_TW |
dc.description.abstract | The purpose of this study is to establish the optimal treatment methods and conditions of hatchery waste eggs and to build a response model with the evaluation factors. Hatchery waste egg meal can be produced by determining the optimal processing conditions of hatchery waste eggs according to the evaluation muti-factors. The application value of hatchery waste egg meal as a protein supplement feedstuff is evaluated. And finally feed to laying hens and weanling pigs for their effects on production or growth performance and the quality of their products.
Hatchery waste eggs contain the infertile eggs, dead embryos in shell, dead or low grade chicks, and contains high amounts of protein and calcium. Composted and boiled for current disposal methods, failed to achieve the hatchery waste eggs properties of high nutritional value. Heat treatment, as in this study, experiment design using central composite design, constructing the model of heating time and temperature in vitro digestibility of protein and dry matter, energy, crude protein and true protein, amount of Salmonella and Escherichia coli. The optimize processing conditions with the highest in vitro protein digestibility whose main appeal, Dry matter 87% and low energy consumption as a limiting condition. When the heating temperature is 65℃, heating time at 23 h meet the optimize processing conditions. This study has produced 16 batches hatchery waste egg meal, dry matter, content 88.3%; crude protein content of 38.0%; ash 27.8%; fat 21.5%; calcium and phosphorus are 14.5 and 1.6%. The cockerel was used to detect hatchery waste egg meal apparent metabolizable energy corrected to nitrogen equilibrium of laying hens to 3378.4 kcal/kg. Detecting digestibility of hatchery waste egg meal of energy, crude protein, lipid, dry matter, calcium and phosphorus, respectively, of the laying hen to 87.9, 88.6, 77.8, 85.7, 90.2 and 62.5%, while the cockerel was 82.1, 78.5, 60.1, 74.5, 40.3 and 37.2%. The digestibility of nutrients of the laying hen is significantly higher than the cockerel (P < 0.05); Apparent digestible energy of hatchery waste egg meal in weanling pig and growing pig were 2629.1 and 3637.4 kcal/kg. Silicone post-valve T-ileum through surgical devices in weanling pig and growing pig the end of the ileum, collected digests to detect the nutrient of ileal digestibility. Results showed that hatchery waste egg meal in weanling pig of dry matter, crude protein, lipids, calcium and phosphorus ileal digestibility was 55.3, 36.3, 58.0, 55.1 and 60.3%; The growing pig of dry matter, crude protein, lipid, calcium and phosphorus ileal digestibility is significantly higher than that of weanling pig (P < 0.05), respectively 90.5, 87.5, 86.8, 77.2 and 75.3%. A total of 100 Single Comb Leghorn Hy-line strain laying hens, 23 weeks of age, were randomly divided into five groups. The control group was fed 2% fishmeal and the feed of the other four groups was supplemented with 0, 4, 8, and 12% hatchery waste egg meal. The nitrogen content, apparent metabolizable energy corrected to nitrogen equilibrium, and calcium content were equal for each group. The duration of the trial was 18 weeks. The results showed no significant differences in body weight, egg production rate, egg weight, feed intake, feed efficiency, and egg quality among the various test groups (P > 0.05). However, supplementation with hatchery waste egg meal resulted in significantly greater eggshell strength (P < 0.05). Moreover, the results of sensory analysis revealed that only 3% of the subjects might have aware the taste of peculiar smell, although this did not seem to affect acceptance. Finally, diets containing spray-dried porcine plasma 2%, hatchery waste egg meal 4% or non-animal protein (control) were given to weanling pigs weighing at 10 kg. When body weights reached 20 kg the pigs were sacrificed to determine the concentration of immunoglobulins in plasma or intestine and the villus structure of small intestine. Their growth performance was recorded as well. Results showed that no significant differences existed in growth performances between groups. Pig fed the diet containing spray-dried porcine plasma exhibited higher concentration in plasma IgG and IgM compared with the control and HWEM groups. IgA concentration in plasma and intestine was raised significantly in the spray-dried porcine plasma and hatchery waste egg meal group. As for villus height, villus area and depth of crypt, no significant differences were observed between those groups. All in all, this study to establish response patterns hatchery waste eggs for the hatchery waste egg meal depending on demand to optimize processing conditions. With the highest protein in vitro digestibility, dry matter87% and lower power consumption as a parameter optimization. After product quality optimized production hatchery waste egg meal add 12% in laying hen diet, on its own, no negative impact on laying performance and the quality of eggs, eggshell strength had positive promotion. the growing pig had better digestibility of nutrition than weanling pig. Add 4% hatchery waste egg meal in weanling pig diet not have a negative impact on its growth performance and can improve intestinal mucosal and plasma IgA concentration, without affecting the character of the intestinal villus structure. The results can be used as a reference for future treatment and application of hatchery waste egg meal. | en |
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dc.description.tableofcontents | 目次
口試委員審定書............................................................................................................i 致謝................................................................................................................................ii 中文摘要........................................................................................................................iii Abstract...........................................................................................................................v Graph abstract.................................................................................................................viii 楔子.................................................................................................................................ix 圖目錄.............................................................................................................................xi 表目錄.............................................................................................................................xii 目次.................................................................................................................................ivx 一、文獻檢討..................................................................................................................1 (一)、孵化場廢棄物................................................................................................1 1、孵化場廢棄物簡介......................................................................................1 (1)、孵化場廢棄物之定義與產量............................................................1 (2)、孵化場廢棄物之營養組成................................................................2 2、孵化場廢棄物之處理方式與應用狀況......................................................3 (1)、文獻紀錄之處理方式........................................................................3 (2)、廢棄蛋蛋粉做為動物飼料之應用....................................................4 (二)、常用畜產廢棄物處理方法............................................................................9 1、焚燒處理......................................................................................................9 2、加熱處理......................................................................................................9 3、微生物處理................................................................................................10 (三)、處理條件最佳化之方法論 ..........................................................................11 1、處理條件之篩選........................................................................................11 2、模式化之方法論........................................................................................12 3、反應曲面法(Response surface methodology, RSM...................................12 4、最佳化的定義............................................................................................15 (四)、廢棄蛋蛋粉作為蛋白質補充原料之評估與應用 ......................................19 1、蛋白質補充原料之定義.............................................................................19 2、評估飼料原料之方法與各項指標.............................................................19 3、做為家禽飼料應用所需之資訊.................................................................21 (1)、家禽的能量系統...............................................................................21 (2)、家禽代謝能與各項營養物質之檢測方法.......................................24 A、組成份分析法.................................................................................24 B、體外模擬分析法.............................................................................24 C、動物試驗分析法.............................................................................25 4、做為家畜飼料應用所需之資訊.................................................................26 (1)、家畜能量系統...................................................................................26 (2)、家畜消化能與各項營養物質之檢測方法.......................................28 A、豬之近似分析組成份估算法.........................................................28 B、豬體外試驗法.................................................................................29 C、體內試驗法.....................................................................................29 5、儲存時間評估............................................................................................34 (五)、做為產蛋雞蛋白質補充原料之評估指標.......... ........................................35 1、產蛋雞生產性能指標................................................................................35 2、蛋的品質....................................................................................................35 3、風味評估方法............................................................................................35 (六)、做為保育豬蛋白質補充原料之評估指標.......... ........................................37 1、生長性能....................................................................................................37 2、免疫球蛋白與腸道絨毛性狀....................................................................37 (七)、研究目的......................................................................................................38 二、材料與方法............................................................................................................39 (一)、近似分析、化學分析以及其他檢測方法................................................39 1、近似分析....................................................................................................39 (1)、粗蛋白質(Crude protein, CP)含量...................................................39 (2)、粗脂肪(Ether Extract, EE)含量........................................................39 (3)、乾物質(Dry matter, DM)含量..........................................................39 (4)、灰分(Ash)含量.................................................................................39 2、鈣含量........................................................................................................40 3、磷含量........................................................................................................40 4、鉻含量........................................................................................................40 5、過氧化價(Peroxide Value, PV)..................................................................40 6、酸價(Acid value, AV) ................................................................................41 7、蛋白質體外消化率(Protein digestibility in vitro, PDIV)..........................42 8、真蛋白質檢測方法...................................................................................42 9、胺基酸含量分析........................................................................................42 10、微生物分析..............................................................................................43 (1)、大腸桿菌(Escherichia coli)..............................................................43 (2)、沙門氏菌(Salmonellas spp.)........................................................43 (二)、電能計算.....................................................................................................44 (三)、熱能檢測方法.............................................................................................45 (四)、孵化場廢棄物處理器之設計與開發.........................................................46 1、處理條件最佳化預實驗(以下簡稱預實驗)處理器..................................46 2、處理條件最佳化主實驗(以下稱主實驗)處理器......................................46 (1)、孵化場廢棄物處理器v 1.0..............................................................47 (2)、孵化場廢棄物處理器v 2.0..............................................................47 (3)、孵化場廢棄物處理器v 3.0..............................................................47 (五)、廢棄蛋蛋粉之備製....................................................................................51 1、孵化場廢棄物之來源................................................................................51 2、孵化場廢棄物之預處理............................................................................51 3、處理條件最佳化預實驗............................................................................52 4、處理條件最佳化主實驗............................................................................52 5、產蛋雞試驗................................................................................................53 6、保育豬試驗................................................................................................53 7、廢棄蛋蛋粉之儲存試驗............................................................................53 (六)、廢棄蛋蛋粉作為家禽飼料應用之基礎資料測定....................................56 1、氮矯正表面代謝能與氮矯正真代謝能....................................................56 2、廢棄蛋蛋粉各種營養物質之檢測方法....................................................57 3、廢棄蛋蛋粉於產蛋雞之消化率檢測方法................................................57 (七)、廢棄蛋蛋粉作為保育豬與生長豬飼料的基礎資料................................58 1、迴腸瘻管手術............................................................................................58 2、表面可消化能............................................................................................58 3、營養成份與胺基酸之表面迴腸消化率....................................................59 (八)、產蛋雞動物試驗........................................................................................60 1、試驗設計....................................................................................................60 2、試驗檢測項目............................................................................................60 (1)、蛋雞體重..........................................................................................60 (2)、產蛋率..............................................................................................60 (3)、蛋重..................................................................................................61 (4)、採食量..............................................................................................61 (5)、蛋殼強度..........................................................................................61 (6)、蛋黃重..............................................................................................61 (7)、飼料效率..........................................................................................61 (8)、雞蛋之官能品評..............................................................................61 (九)、保育豬動物試驗........................................................................................64 1、試驗設計....................................................................................................64 2、試驗檢測項目............................................................................................64 (1)、生長速度.........................................................................................64 (2)、飼料利用效率..................................................................................64 (3)、腸道絨毛性狀與血液免疫指標樣品之採集..................................64 (十)、試驗設計與統計模式................................................................................67 1、處理條件最佳化預實驗............................................................................67 2、處理條件最佳化主實驗............................................................................67 3、產蛋雞餵飼試驗......................................................................................67 4、保育豬餵飼試驗......................................................................................67 三、結果......................................................................................................................68 (一)、處理條件最佳化模式建立......................................................................68 1、處理條件最佳化預實驗..........................................................................68 2、處理條件最佳化主實驗..........................................................................70 (二)、孵化場廢棄物與廢棄蛋蛋粉之營養成份分析......................................77 1、孵化場廢棄物與廢棄蛋蛋粉之近似分析與鈣磷分析結果..................77 2、廢棄蛋蛋粉作為產蛋雞飼料應用之基礎資料......................................77 (1)、氮矯正表面代謝能、氮矯正真代謝能與各營養物質之消化率.............................................................................................................77 (2)、胺基酸消化率................................................................................78 3、廢棄蛋蛋粉作為保育豬與生長豬飼料應用之基礎資料......................78 (1)、廢棄蛋蛋粉於之近似分析與鈣磷含量.........................................78 (2)、廢棄蛋蛋粉各營養成份於保育豬與生長豬消化率以及表面可消化能..........................................................................................................78 (3)、胺基酸表面迴腸可消化率.............................................................78 4、廢棄蛋蛋粉之儲存試驗...........................................................................79 (三)、產蛋雞與保育豬之廢棄蛋蛋粉飼養試驗...............................................86 1、廢棄蛋蛋粉於產蛋雞飼養試驗...............................................................86 (1)、生產性能評估.................................................................................86 (2)、蛋品質評估.....................................................................................86 (3)、蛋風味評估.....................................................................................86 2、保育豬廢棄蛋蛋粉飼養試驗...................................................................87 (1)、生長性能評估.................................................................................87 (2)、免疫球蛋白指標與腸道絨毛性狀.................................................87 四、討論.......................................................................................................................94 (一)、孵化場廢棄物處理條件最佳化模式之應用...........................................94 1、本研究採用之最佳化處理條件之探討...................................................95 (1)、以蛋白質體外消化率為最佳化主要指標.....................................95 (2)、廢棄蛋蛋粉中沙門氏菌與大腸桿菌之探討.................................96 (3)、隨處理條件改變的粗蛋白質.........................................................97 (4)、評估廢棄蛋蛋粉之營養價值(處理條件為65℃,23 h)...............98 2、處理條件最佳化模式應用之方法...........................................................98 (1)、最低處理溫度需求.........................................................................98 (2)、最低菌數要求.................................................................................99 (3)、耗能最低需求.................................................................................99 (4)、時間最短需求...............................................................................100 3、最佳化模式之通用性.............................................................................100 (1)、不同孵化場廢棄物組成之因應對策...........................................100 (2)、如何應用本次試驗模式於未來規模擴大...................................101 (二)、廢棄蛋蛋粉作為蛋白質補充原料之營養價值評估.............................106 1、廢棄蛋蛋粉之營養含量 ........................................................................106 2、廢棄蛋蛋粉之營養特性.........................................................................106 3、廢棄蛋蛋粉之安全性評估.....................................................................107 (三)、廢棄蛋蛋粉於產蛋雞的應用.................................................................108 1、廢棄蛋蛋粉於蛋雞之營養分可利用性分析 ........................................108 2、廢棄蛋蛋粉對蛋雞之產蛋性能與蛋品質的影響.................................108 3、廢棄蛋蛋粉於蛋雞之生物安全性與風味之影響.................................109 (四)、廢棄蛋蛋粉於保育豬的應用.................................................................111 1、廢棄蛋蛋粉於保育豬隻營養分生物利用率分析 ................................111 2、廢棄蛋蛋粉對保育豬免疫指標與腸道性狀之影響.............................111 (五)、廢棄蛋蛋粉之經濟效益分析.................................................................115 1、成本估算.................................................................................................115 2、作為蛋白質補充原料之經濟效益.........................................................115 五、總結.....................................................................................................................118 六、參考文獻.............................................................................................................119 七、附錄.....................................................................................................................132 (一)、家禽真代謝能測定方法.........................................................................132 (二)、豬隻瘻管手術方法.................................................................................134 (三)、雞蛋官能品評記錄表.............................................................................140 | |
dc.language.iso | zh-TW | |
dc.title | 最佳化孵化場廢棄物熱處理為飼料原料之過程與產蛋雞與年輕豬隻對其之生物利用效率 | zh_TW |
dc.title | Optimization of the thermal condition for processing
hatchery waste eggs as meal for feed and measurement of its bioavailability for laying hens and young pigs | en |
dc.type | Thesis | |
dc.date.schoolyear | 105-1 | |
dc.description.degree | 博士 | |
dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 余碧(Bi Yu),楊天樹(Ting-Sung Yang),王忠恕(Chung-Shu Wang),陳明汝(Ming-Ju Chen) | |
dc.subject.keyword | 孵化場廢棄物,反應曲面法,廢棄蛋蛋粉,蛋雞氮矯正真代謝能,豬隻表面消化能, | zh_TW |
dc.subject.keyword | Hatchery waste eggs,Hatchery waste egg meals,Response surface methodology,Apparent metabolizable energy corrected to nitrogen equilibrium of laying hen,Apparent digestible energy of young pig, | en |
dc.relation.page | 140 | |
dc.identifier.doi | 10.6342/NTU201602931 | |
dc.rights.note | 同意授權(全球公開) | |
dc.date.accepted | 2017-02-13 | |
dc.contributor.author-college | 生物資源暨農學院 | zh_TW |
dc.contributor.author-dept | 動物科學技術學研究所 | zh_TW |
顯示於系所單位: | 動物科學技術學系 |
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