請用此 Handle URI 來引用此文件:
http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/25845
完整後設資料紀錄
DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
---|---|---|
dc.contributor.advisor | 王愛玉(Ai-Yu Wang) | |
dc.contributor.author | Yu-Chiao Huang | en |
dc.contributor.author | 黃玉嬌 | zh_TW |
dc.date.accessioned | 2021-06-08T06:33:09Z | - |
dc.date.copyright | 2006-07-31 | |
dc.date.issued | 2006 | |
dc.date.submitted | 2006-07-23 | |
dc.identifier.citation | Amor Y, Haigler CH, Johnson S, Wainscott M, Delmer DP (1995) A membrane-associated form of sucrose synthase and its potential role in synthesis of cellulose and callose in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92: 9353-9357
Anguenot R, Yelle S, Nguyen-Quoc B (1999) Purification of tomato sucrose synthase phosphorylated isoforms by Fe(III)-immobilized metal affinity chromatography. Arch Biochem Biophys 365: 163-169 Baroja-Fernandez E, Munoz FJ, Saikusa T, Rodriguez-Lopez M, Akazawa T, Pozueta-Romero J (2003) Sucrose synthase catalyzes the de novo production of ADPglucose linked to starch biosynthesis in heterotrophic tissues of plants. Plant Cell Physiol 44: 500-509 Barratt DH, Barber L, Kruger NJ, Smith AM, Wang TL, Martin C (2001) Multiple, distinct isoforms of sucrose synthase in pea. Plant Physiol 127: 655-664 Bates PA, Kelley LA, MacCallum RM, Sternberg MJ (2001) Enhancement of protein modeling by human intervention in applying the automatic programs 3D-JIGSAW and 3D-PSSM. Proteins Suppl 5: 39-46 Boraston AB, Bolam DN, Gilbert HJ, Davies GJ (2004) Carbohydrate-binding modules: fine-tuning polysaccharide recognition. Biochem J 382: 769-781 Bordier C (1981) Phase separation of integral membrane proteins in Triton X-114 solution. J Biol Chem 256: 1604-1607 Bradford MM (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72: 248-254 Breton C, Bettler E, Joziasse DH, Geremia RA, Imberty A (1998) Sequence-function relationships of prokaryotic and eukaryotic galactosyltransferases. J Biochem (Tokyo) 123: 1000-1009 Breton C, Imberty A (1999) Structure/function studies of glycosyltransferases. Curr Opin Struct Biol 9: 563-571 Breton C, Snajdrova L, Jeanneau C, Koca J, Imberty A (2006) Structures and mechanisms of glycosyltransferases. Glycobiology 16: 29R-37R Campbell JA, Davies GJ, Bulone V, Henrissat B (1997) A classification of nucleotide-diphospho-sugar glycosyltransferases based on amino acid sequence similarities. Biochem J 326 ( Pt 3): 929-939 Campbell JA, Davies GJ, Bulone VV, Henrissat B (1998) A classification of nucleotide-diphospho-sugar glycosyltransferases based on amino acid sequence similarities. Biochem J 329 (Pt 3): 719 Cardini CE, Leloir LF, Chiriboga J (1955) The biosynthesis of sucrose. J Biol Chem 214: 149-155 Carlson SJ, Chourey PS (1996) Evidence for plasma membrane-associated forms of sucrose synthase in maize. Mol Gen Genet 252: 303-310 Chikano H, Ogawa M, Ikeda Y, Koizumi N, Kusano T, Sano H (2001) Two novel genes encoding SNF-1 related protein kinases from Arabidopsis thaliana: differential accumulation of AtSR1 and AtSR2 transcripts in response to cytokinins and sugars, and phosphorylation of sucrose synthase by AtSR2. Mol Gen Genet 264: 674-681 Chiu CP, Watts AG, Lairson LL, Gilbert M, Lim D, Wakarchuk WW, Withers SG, Strynadka NC (2004) Structural analysis of the sialyltransferase CstII from Campylobacter jejuni in complex with a substrate analog. Nat Struct Mol Biol 11: 163-170 Delmer DP, Albersheim P (1970) The Biosynthesis of Sucrose and Nucleoside Diphosphate Glucoses in Phaseolus aureus. Plant Physiol 45: 782-786 Duncan KA, Hardin SC, Huber SC (2006) The Three Maize Sucrose Synthase Isoforms Differ in Distribution, Localization, and Phosphorylation. Plant Cell Physiol Echt CS, Chourey PS (1985) A Comparison of Two Sucrose Synthetase Isozymes from Normal and shrunken-1 Maize. Plant Physiol 79: 530-536 Etxeberria E, Gonzalez P (2003) Evidence for a tonoplast-associated form of sucrose synthase and its potential involvement in sucrose mobilization from the vacuole. J Exp Bot 54: 1407-1414 Gross KC, Pharr DM (1982) A Potential Pathway for Galactose Metabolism in Cucumis sativus L., A Stachyose Transporting Species. Plant Physiol 69: 117-121 Hardin SC, Tang GQ, Scholz A, Holtgraewe D, Winter H, Huber SC (2003) Phosphorylation of sucrose synthase at serine 170: occurrence and possible role as a signal for proteolysis. Plant J 35: 588-603 Hardin SC, Winter H, Huber SC (2004) Phosphorylation of the amino terminus of maize sucrose synthase in relation to membrane association and enzyme activity. Plant Physiol 134: 1427-1438 Henrissat B (1991) A classification of glycosyl hydrolases based on amino acid sequence similarities. Biochem J 280 ( Pt 2): 309-316 Henrissat B, Bairoch A (1993) New families in the classification of glycosyl hydrolases based on amino acid sequence similarities. Biochem J 293 ( Pt 3): 781-788 Huang DY, Wang AY (1998) Purification and characterization of sucrose synthase isozymes from etiolated rice seedlings. Biochem Mol Biol Int 46: 107-113 Huang JW, Chen JT, Yu WP, Shyur LF, Wang AY, Sung HY, Lee PD, Su JC (1996) Complete structures of three rice sucrose synthase isogenes and differential regulation of their expressions. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 60: 233-239 Huang YH, Picha DH, Kilili AW (1999) A continuous method for enzymatic assay of sucrose synthase in the synthetic direction. J Agric Food Chem 47: 2746-2750 Hubbard NL, Huber SC, Pharr DM (1989) Sucrose Phosphate synthase and acid invertase as determinants of sucrose concentration in developing Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) Fruits. Plant Physiol 91: 1527-1534 Huber SC, Huber JL, Liao PC, Gage DA, McMichael RW, Jr., Chourey PS, Hannah LC, Koch K (1996) Phosphorylation of serine-15 of maize leaf sucrose synthase. Occurrence in vivo and possible regulatory significance. Plant Physiol 112: 793-802 Kazuta Y, Omura Y, Tagaya M, Nakano K, Fukui T (1991) Identification of lysyl residues located at the substrate-binding site in UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase from potato tuber: affinity labeling with uridine di- and triphosphopyridoxals. Biochemistry 30: 8541-8545 Kazuta Y, Tanizawa K, Fukui T (1991) Comparative affinity labeling with reactive UDP-glucose analogues: possible locations of five lysyl residues around the substrate bound to potato tuber UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. J Biochem (Tokyo) 110: 708-713 Kikuchi N, Kwon YD, Gotoh M, Narimatsu H (2003) Comparison of glycosyltransferase families using the profile hidden Markov model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 310: 574-579 Koch K (2004) Sucrose metabolism: regulatory mechanisms and pivotal roles in sugar sensing and plant development. Curr Opin Plant Biol 7: 235-246 Koch KE, Nolte KD, Duke ER, McCarty DR, Avigne WT (1992) Sugar Levels Modulate Differential Expression of Maize Sucrose Synthase Genes. Plant Cell 4: 59-69 Lambert C, Leonard N, De Bolle X, Depiereux E (2002) ESyPred3D: Prediction of proteins 3D structures. Bioinformatics 18: 1250-1256 Lin TP, Caspar T, Somerville C, Preiss J (1988) Isolation and Characterization of a Starchless Mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh Lacking ADPglucose Pyrophosphorylase Activity. Plant Physiol 86: 1131-1135 Liu J, Mushegian A (2003) Three monophyletic superfamilies account for the majority of the known glycosyltransferases. Protein Sci 12: 1418-1431 Martin T, Frommer WB, Salanoubat M, Willmitzer L (1993) Expression of an Arabidopsis sucrose synthase gene indicates a role in metabolization of sucrose both during phloem loading and in sink organs. Plant J 4: 367-377 Matic S, Akerlund HE, Everitt E, Widell S (2004) Sucrose synthase isoforms in cultured tobacco cells. Plant Physiol Biochem 42: 299-306 Morell M, Copeland L (1985) Sucrose Synthase of Soybean Nodules. Plant Physiol 78: 149-154 Muller-Rober B, Sonnewald U, Willmitzer L (1992) Inhibition of the ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase in transgenic potatoes leads to sugar-storing tubers and influences tuber formation and expression of tuber storage protein genes. Embo J 11: 1229-1238 Munoz FJ, Baroja-Fernandez E, Moran-Zorzano MT, Viale AM, Etxeberria E, Alonso-Casajus N, Pozueta-Romero J (2005) Sucrose synthase controls both intracellular ADP glucose levels and transitory starch biosynthesis in source leaves. Plant Cell Physiol 46: 1366-1376 Murata T (1972) Sucrose synthetase of rice grain and potatoes. Agric. Biol. Chem. 36: 1815-1818 Nakai T, Konishi T, Zhang XQ, Chollet R, Tonouchi N, Tsuchida T, Yoshinaga F, Mori H, Sakai F, Hayashi T (1998) An increase in apparent affinity for sucrose of mung bean sucrose synthase is caused by in vitro phosphorylation or directed mutagenesis of Ser11. Plant Cell Physiol 39: 1337-1341 Nakai T, Tonouchi N, Konishi T, Kojima Y, Tsuchida T, Yoshinaga F, Sakai F, Hayashi T (1999) Enhancement of cellulose production by expression of sucrose synthase in acetobacter xylinum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96: 14-18 Nguyen-Quoc B, Krivitzky M, Huber SC, Lecharny A (1990) Sucrose Synthase in Developing Maize Leaves: Regulation of Activity by Protein Level during the Import to Export Transition. Plant Physiol 94: 516-523 Nolte KD, Hendrix DL, Radin JW, Koch KE (1995) Sucrose Synthase Localization during Initiation of Seed Development and Trichome Differentiation in Cotton Ovules. Plant Physiol 109: 1285-1293 Nolte KD, Koch KE (1993) Companion-Cell Specific Localization of Sucrose Synthase in Zones of Phloem Loading and Unloading. Plant Physiol 101: 899-905 Nomura T, Akazawa T (1973) Enzymic mechanism of starch stynthesis in ripening rice grains. VII. Purification and enzymic properties of sucrose synthetase. Arch Biochem Biophys 156: 644-652 Romer U, Schrader H, Gunther N, Nettelstroth N, Frommer WB, Elling L (2004) Expression, purification and characterization of recombinant sucrose synthase 1 from Solanum tuberosum L. for carbohydrate engineering. J Biotechnol 107: 135-149 Pozueta-Romero J, Yamaguchi J, Akazawa T (1991) ADPG formation by the ADP-specific cleavage of sucrose-reassessment of sucrose synthase. FEBS Lett 291: 233-237 Ruan YL, Chourey PS, Delmer DP, Perez-Grau L (1997) The Differential Expression of Sucrose Synthase in Relation to Diverse Patterns of Carbon Partitioning in Developing Cotton Seed. Plant Physiol 115: 375-385 Salvucci ME, Klein RR (1993) Identification of the uridine-binding domain of sucrose-phosphate synthase. Expression of a region of the protein that photoaffinity labels with 5-azidouridine diphosphate-glucose. Plant Physiol 102: 529-536 Shaw JR, Ferl RJ, Baier J, St Clair D, Carson C, McCarty DR, Hannah LC (1994) Structural features of the maize sus1 gene and protein. Plant Physiol 106: 1659-1665 Sinha AK, Pathre UV, Sane PV (1998) Essential histidyl residues at the active site(s) of sucrose-phosphate synthase from Prosopis juliflora. Biochim Biophys Acta 1388: 397-404 Sinnott ML (1990) Catalytic mechanisms of enzymatic glycosyl transfer. Chem. Rev. 90: 1171-1202. Soding J, Biegert A, Lupas AN (2005) The HHpred interactive server for protein homology detection and structure prediction. Nucleic Acids Res 33: W244-248 Stitt M, Kurzel B, Heldt HW (1984) Control of Photosynthetic Sucrose Synthesis by Fructose 2,6-Bisphosphate : II. Partitioning between Sucrose and Starch. Plant Physiol 75: 554-560 Su JC, J.L. W, Yang CL (1977) Purification and Characterization of Sucrose Synthetase from the Shoot of Bamboo Leleba oldhami. Plant Physiol 60: 17-21 Su JC, Preiss J (1978) Purification and properties of sucrose synthase from maize kernels. Plant Physiol 61: 389-393 Sung HY, Su JC (1977) Sucrose synthase isozymes of pea seedling - Purification and general prperties. J. Chin. Biochem. Soc. 6: 22-37 Tanase K, Yamaki S (2000) Purification and characterization of two sucrose synthase isoforms from Japanese pear fruit. Plant Cell Physiol 41: 408-414 Tomlinson PT, Duke ER, Nolte KD, Koch KE (1991) Sucrose Synthase and Invertase in Isolated Vascular Bundles. Plant Physiol 97: 1249-1252 Tsai CY, Wang AY (2003) Identification of rice manganese-dependent protein kinases that phosphorylate sucrose synthase at multiple serine residues. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 44: 141-150 Unligil UM, Rini JM (2000) Glycosyltransferase structure and mechanism. Curr Opin Struct Biol 10: 510-517 Vrielink A, Ruger W, Driessen HP, Freemont PS (1994) Crystal structure of the DNA modifying enzyme beta-glucosyltransferase in the presence and absence of the substrate uridine diphosphoglucose. Embo J 13: 3413-3422 Wang AY, Kao MH, Yang WH, Sayion Y, Liu LF, Lee PD, Su JC (1999) Differentially and developmentally regulated expression of three rice sucrose synthase genes. Plant Cell Physiol 40: 800-807 Wang F, Smith AG, Brenner ML (1994) Temporal and Spatial Expression Pattern of Sucrose Synthase during Tomato Fruit Development. Plant Physiol 104: 535-540 Wang MB, Boulter D, Gatehouse JA (1992) A complete sequence of the rice sucrose synthase-1 (RSs1) gene. Plant Mol Biol 19: 881-885 Winter H, Huber JL, Huber SC (1997) Membrane association of sucrose synthase: changes during the graviresponse and possible control by protein phosphorylation. FEBS Lett 420: 151-155 Winter H, Huber JL, Huber SC (1998) Identification of sucrose synthase as an actin-binding protein. FEBS Lett 430: 205-208 Wolosiuk RW, Pontis HG (1971) Evidence of the existence of two forms of sucrose synthetase. FEBS Lett 16: 237-240 Yen SF, Su JC, Sung HY (1994) Purification and characterization of rice sucrose synthase isozymes. Biochem Mol Biol Int 34: 613-620 Yu WP, Wang AY, Juang RH, Sung HY, Su JC (1992) Isolation and sequences of rice sucrose synthase cDNA and genomic DNA. Plant Mol Biol 18: 139-142 Zhang XQ, Chollet R (1997) Seryl-phosphorylation of soybean nodule sucrose synthase (nodulin-100) by a Ca2+-dependent protein kinase. FEBS Lett 410: 126-130 莊榮輝 (1997) 酵素化學實驗 – 實驗手冊。 黃如瑋 (1994) 水稻蔗糖合成酶異構基因之選殖及影響表現生理條件的研究。博士論文,國立台灣大學農業化學研究所。 伊央•撒耘(2001) 水稻蔗糖合成酶結構與功能之研究。博士論文,國立台灣大學農業化學研究所。 廖憶純(2002) 水稻懸浮培養細胞中蔗糖合成酶基因表現受糖調控之研究。博士論文,國立台灣大學農業化學研究所。 蔡承佳(2003) 蛋白質磷酸化對水稻蔗糖合成酶酵素功能及基因表現的影響。博士論文,國立台灣大學農業化學研究所。 黃德宜(2003) 水稻蔗糖合成酶RSuS3 基因表現與酵素功能之探討。博士論文,國立台灣大學農業化學研究所。 陳姿利(2005) 水稻蔗糖合成酶RSuS2 在酵母菌Pichia pastoris 中的表現與生化性質檢定。碩士論文,國立台灣大學微生物與生化學研究所。 | |
dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/25845 | - |
dc.description.abstract | 蔗糖合成酶催化蔗糖與UDP 轉化為果糖與UDPG 的可逆反應。水稻中此酵素由至少六種RSus 基因所表現。本論文研究的對象為RSus1 基因表現產物 RSuS1,利用大腸桿菌表現重組RSuS1 進行結構與功能的分析。
RSuS1 經由序列分析已知為 GT-B 摺疊構型的糖基轉移酶,且結構與 glycogen synthase 相似。重組 RSuS1 突變株的初步分析發現Asp303、Gln307、Tyr310、His463 及His502 等氨基酸可能在基質結合或者活性區中扮演重要角色;而Tyr310、His463 及Arg94 等胺基酸則為維持四級結構所必需。以大腸桿菌表現之重組RSuS1,其分解與合成方向活性受到二價金屬離子不同的影響。鎂、鈣、錳及鈷離子會促進重組RSuS1 蔗糖合成方向的活性,但抑制重組 RSuS1 蔗糖分解方向的活性。醣代謝之中間代謝產物對 RSuS1 活性沒有顯著的影響。Triton X-114 partition 結果發現重組 RSuS1 不是integral 形式的膜蛋白質,phospholipids 對活性也無顯著影響。 | zh_TW |
dc.description.abstract | Sucrose synthase (SuS) catalyzes the reversible conversion of sucrose and UDP into fructose and UDPG. The enzyme is encoded by at least six RSus genes in rice. In this study, recombinant RSuS1 expressed and purified from E. coli was used to study on the structure – function relationship of the enzyme.
The results of sequence analysis and 3D structure modeling suggest that the RSuS1 is a GT-B fold glycosyltransferase of the GT4 family in CAZy classification. Mutants analysis show that the Asp303, Gln307, His463 and His502 play important roles in substrate binding or active sit. Tyr310, His463 and Arg94 are important in tetrameric structure. Divalent cations, Mg2+, Mn2+, Ca2+, and Co2+ stimulate the recombinant RSuS1 synthetic activity, but inhibit the cleavage activity. Metabolites do not affect the recombinant RSuS1 activity significantly. Triton X-114 partition analysis shows that recombinant RSuS1 is not an integral membrane protein. The phospholipids do not affect the RSuS1 activity. | en |
dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-08T06:33:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ntu-95-R93b47207-1.pdf: 1225199 bytes, checksum: f0571ef094bf3b453c22440203cfa52d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 | en |
dc.description.tableofcontents | 目錄……………………………………………………………………………………I
縮寫表………………………………………………………………………………..IV 摘要…………………………………………………………………………………...V Abstract………………………………………………………………………….…..VI 第一章研究背景1 第一節蔗糖合成酶之生化性質1 第二節蔗糖合成酶之生理性質1 2.1 蔗糖合成酶異構酶1 2.2 參與蔗糖運輸2 2.3 參與纖維素的生合成2 2.4 參與澱粉的生合成2 第三節蔗糖合成酶的磷酸化現象2 第四節蔗糖合成酶的膜結合型式3 第五節蔗糖合成酶結構及活性中心之研究3 5.1 蔗糖合成酶於糖基轉移酶家族中的分類3 5.2 糖基轉移酶結構類型4 5.3 蔗糖合成酶基質結合區及活性區的研究4 第六節水稻蔗糖合成酶之研究5 第七節本論文研究方向6 第二章材料與方法…………………………………………………………………..7 第一節實驗材料與藥品7 1.1 菌種7 1.2 質體7 1.3 藥品7 第二節實驗儀器7 2.1 核酸電泳設備7 2.2 蛋白質電泳與轉印設備7 2.3 離心機7 2.4 恆溫水浴槽7 2.5 分光光度計8 2.6 pH meter 8 第三節實驗方法8 3.1 蔗糖合成酶活性測定法8 3.1.1 蔗糖分解方向活性測定8 3.1.1.1 UDPG 去氫酶酵素耦合法8 3.1.1.2 果糖測定法8 3.1.1.3 還原糖定量法9 3.1.2 蔗糖合成方向活性測定法9 3.1.2.1 Anthrone 定量法9 3.1.2.2 連續性酵素耦合測定法10 3.2 蛋白質定量與分析10 3.2.1 蛋白質定量10 3.2.2 蛋白質電泳11 3.2.3 蛋白質轉印11 3.2.4 免疫染色法11 3.3 重組RSuS1 蛋白質之表現及純化12 3.3.1 大量培養12 3.3.2 粗抽及硫酸銨分劃12 3.3.3 離子交換層析12 3.3.4 膠體過濾層析13 3.4 重組RSuS1 生化性質分析13 3.4.1 最適反應溫度測定13 3.4.2 最適反應pH 值測定13 3.4.3 熱穩定性測定13 3.4.4 pH 值穩定性測定13 3.4.5 金屬離子對酵素活性的影響14 3.4.6 中間代謝物對酵素活性的影響14 3.4.7 Phospholipid 對酵素活性的影響14 3.4.8 Triton X-114 partition 14 3.5 水稻蔗糖合成酶RSuS1 功能性區塊分析與結構預測15 3.5.1 功能區塊分析15 3.5.2 三級結構同源性分析15 3.5.3 三級結構模擬15 第三章結果與討論…………………………………………………………………16 第一節水稻蔗糖合成酶RSuS1 功能性區塊分析與結構預測16 1.1 水稻蔗糖合成酶RSuS1 功能性區塊分析16 1.2 水稻蔗糖合成酶RSuS1 三級結構同源性分析16 1.3 水稻蔗糖合成酶RSuS1 三級結構模擬17 第二節野生型與突變型水稻蔗糖合成酶RSuS1 基本生化性質分析17 2.1 野生型及突變型水稻蔗糖合成酶RSuS1 蛋白質電泳檢定18 2.2 野生型及突變型水稻蔗糖合成酶RSuS1 活性分析18 2.3 點突變對於RSuS1 蛋白質結構與活性之影響19 2.4 以水稻蔗糖合成酶RSuS1 之模擬結構討論突變位置的影響20 第三節重組水稻蔗糖合成酶RSuS1 的純化20 第四節重組水稻蔗糖合成酶RSuS1 生化性質分析21 4.1 最適反應溫度21 4.2 最適反應pH 值21 4.3 熱穩定性21 4.4 pH 穩定性21 4.5 金屬離子的影響21 第五節中間代謝產物的影響22 第六節重組水稻蔗糖合成酶RSuS1 膜結合形式分析22 第七節Phospholipids 對活性的影響23 第四章總結與未來展望……………………………………………………………24 參考文獻……………………………………………………………………………..25 圖與表………………………………………………………………………………..31 | |
dc.language.iso | zh-TW | |
dc.title | 水稻蔗糖合成酶RSuS1 野生型與突變型蛋白質之表現與檢定 | zh_TW |
dc.title | Expression and characterization of wild type and mutant rice sucrose synthase 1 | en |
dc.type | Thesis | |
dc.date.schoolyear | 94-2 | |
dc.description.degree | 碩士 | |
dc.contributor.coadvisor | 宋賢一(Hsien-Yi Sung) | |
dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 蔣啟玲,張珍田,楊健志,楊啟伸 | |
dc.subject.keyword | 蔗糖,合成酶, | zh_TW |
dc.subject.keyword | sucrose synthase, | en |
dc.relation.page | 47 | |
dc.rights.note | 未授權 | |
dc.date.accepted | 2006-07-23 | |
dc.contributor.author-college | 生命科學院 | zh_TW |
dc.contributor.author-dept | 微生物與生化學研究所 | zh_TW |
顯示於系所單位: | 微生物學科所 |
文件中的檔案:
檔案 | 大小 | 格式 | |
---|---|---|---|
ntu-95-1.pdf 目前未授權公開取用 | 1.2 MB | Adobe PDF |
系統中的文件,除了特別指名其著作權條款之外,均受到著作權保護,並且保留所有的權利。