東南亞新移民初產婦於產後初期為人母之狀況及其相關因素

Abstract

新移民婦女大量來台，使得跨國婚姻家庭日益增加，她們在尚未熟悉臺灣生活環境下，平均來臺六個月即懷孕，使得新移民婦女除需適應跨文化環境及角色的快速轉變，亦需隨即負擔為人母任務。本研究目的為探討東南亞新移民初產婦產後初期擔負為人母之狀況及其相關因素。 本研究採個案對照研究法，研究情境為台灣桃園地區之ㄧ所地區醫院，研究對象為東南亞新移民初產婦，採立意取樣，共取得52位，並以該醫院的台灣籍初產婦為105位為比較組，研究工具為結構式自填式問卷包括: 「為人母之能力量表」、「為人母之滿足感量表」及「為人母依附感量表」。量表皆採Likert量表五點評分法，得分愈高表示受試者有愈高的為人母之能力、為人母之滿足感及為人母之依附感。於研究對象產後3~5天進行資料收集，每位填答約15-30分鐘。量表信度皆採Cronbach’s α評量內在一致性，效度則以表面效度及專家效度進行檢測，問卷所得資料以統計軟體SPSS for Windows 12.0進行資料分析，分別採用描述性統計包括：百分比、平均值、標準差、最大值、最小值，及推論性統計包括：皮爾森積差相關（Pearson’s correlation）、單因子變異數分析（one-way ANOVA）、t檢定（t test）、卡方檢定(chi square) ，以了解研究對象的背景資料。 結果顯示:東南亞新移民初產婦平均年齡為22歲、96.2%沒有工作、教育程度以國中53.8%佔最多、配偶職業以工人63.7%佔最多、家庭型態以折衷家庭50%佔最多、支持系統之訊息支持為來自護理人員76.92%、情緒支持來自先生88.46%、實質支持來自先生88.46%佔最多、及承擔照顧責任則佔26.9%，與台灣籍初產婦比較，均達到統計上的顯著的差異。顯示東南亞新移民初產婦的家庭社經地位較低，經濟能力亦較低。東南亞新移民初產婦的支持系統較台灣籍初產婦薄弱，且有較多比例須承擔照顧家中成員的責任。 東南亞新移民初產婦為人母能力平均分數為99.40±7.78，為人母滿足感平均分數為24.37±3.74，為人母依附感平均分數為61.52±5.04，與台灣籍初產婦比較有顯著差異，顯示東南亞新移民初產婦之為人母之能力、滿足感及依附感較低。影響東南亞新移民初產婦為人母能力之相關因素為年齡，為人母之能力會隨著年齡增加而增加，而影響台灣籍初產婦為人母能力之相關因素為: 曾有照顧嬰幼兒經驗;影響東南亞新移民初產婦為人母滿足感之相關因素為年齡及教育程度;為人母之滿足感會隨著年齡增加而增加，且教育程度方面，國中以上優於國小以下; 影響東南亞新移民初產婦為人母依附感之相關因素為曾有照顧經驗，影響台灣籍初產婦為人母之滿足感及依附感則無相關影響因素。在東南亞新移民初產婦為人母之其他相關因素支持系統方面，東南亞新移民初產婦的支持系統多來自先生及夫家家人，此異於台灣籍初產婦除了能以先生及夫家家人為支持系統以外，亦有娘家家人或朋友為支持系統後盾，顯示東南亞新移民初產婦的支持系統較台灣籍初產婦薄弱。 結論:東南亞新移民初產婦年紀輕，支持系統薄弱，在為人母之能力、滿足感及依附感均較台灣籍初產婦低，建議護理人員能主動與積極對這群婦女，提供為人母之學習與指導。

There were a lot of new immigrant women in Taiwan, and the phenomenon resulted in the increase of transnational marriages and families. The new immigrant women were pregnant after coming to Taiwan for six months on average. Hence, they not only had to adapt themselves to the transcultural environment and the quick change of their roles, but also had to undertake the mission of being mothers. The purpose of this research was to probe into southeastern Asia new immigrant primiparas' conditions and their related factors of being mothers during early postpartum period. This research was case-control study, and the study situation was a regional hospital in Taoyuan, Taiwan. The subjects were the southeastern Asia new immigrant primiparas. Purposive sampling was used to collect data from a total of 52 subjects.the comparison group consisted of 105 Taiwanese primiparas in the same hospital. The research tool used was self-written questionnaire, including maternal competence scale, maternal gratification scale, and maternal attachment scale. The scales were 5 point Likert-type scales. Higher scores showed higher maternal competence, higher maternal gratification, and higher maternal attachment. Data were collected after 3 to 5 days of delivery, and the question time was 15 to 30 minutes. Scale reliability used Cronbach’s α to judge the inner consistency. Scale validity was conducted with face validity and expert validity. SPSS for Windows 12.0 was used for data analysis. Descriptive statistics and inference statistics were respectively adopted to understand the backgrounds of the subjects. Descriptive statistics included percentage, general average, standard deviation, maximum, and minimum. Inference statistics included Pearson’s correlation, one-way ANOVA, t test, and Chi-square test. The major findings of this research were as follows: The average age of the southeastern Asia new immigrant primiparas was 22 years old. Most of them (96.2%)did not have jobs. Those who graduated from junior high school accounted for 53.8% on education level. Their husbands' jobs as labor workers accounted for 63.7%. Stem families accounted for 50%. In terms of support system, information support from nursing staff accounted for 76.92%. Emotional support from their husbands accounted for 88.46%. Tangible support from their husbands accounted for 88.46%. Taking the responsibility to take care of the family accounted for 26.9%. Compared with Taiwanese primiparas, the above all reached obvious statistical differences. The foregoing statement revealed that the socioeconomic status and the economic capability of the southeastern Asia new immigrant primiparas were lower. The support system of the southeastern Asia new immigrant primiparas was weaker than that of Taiwanese primiparas. More of the southeastern Asia new immigrant primiparas had to take the responsibility to take care of the family members. The average score of maternal competence of the southeastern Asia new immigrant primiparas was 99.40±7.78. The average score of maternal gratification of them was 24.37±3.74. The average score of maternal attachment of them was 61.52±5.04. The average scores revealed obvious differences from Taiwanese primiparas. This showed that the maternal competence, maternal gratification and maternal attachment of the southeastern Asia new immigrant primiparas were lower. The related factor which affected the maternal competence of the southeastern Asia primiparas was age, and the maternal competence increased with age. The related factor which affected the maternal competence of Taiwanese primiparas was the experience of taking care of infants. The related factors which affected the maternal gratification of the southeastern Asia new immigrant primiparas were age and education level. The maternal gratification increased with age. By the level of education, the maternal gratification of women who graduated from junior high school and above was higher than those who graduated from elementary school and below. The related factor which affected the maternal attachment of the southeastern Asia new immigrant primiparas was the experience of taking care of infants. There were no related factors affecting the maternal gratification and the maternal attachment of Taiwanese primiparas. In terms of other related factors and support system of being mothers of the southeastern Asia new immigrant primiparas, the support system of them mainly came from their husbands and the husbands' families. This was different from Taiwanese primiparas, for the support system of Taiwanese primiparas not only included their husbands and the husbands' families, but also included their mothers' sides or friends. This showed the support system of the southeastern Asia new immigrant primiparas was weaker than that of Taiwanese primiparas. Conclusion： The southeastern Asia new immigrant primiparas were young, and their support system was weak. The maternal competence, maternal gratification and maternal attachment of the southeastern Asia new immigrant primiparas were lower than those of Taiwanese primiparas. We suggested that nursing staff take the initiative to provide the southeastern Asia new immigrant primiparas with learning methods and guidelines of being mothers.