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標題: | 台北地區樟白輪盾介殼蟲和月橘白輪盾介殼蟲之族群生態 (半翅目:盾介殼蟲科) Population Ecology of Aulacaspis yabunikkei Kuwana and Aulacaspis murrayae Takahashi (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in Taipei Area |
作者: | Yu-An Lin 林佑安 |
指導教授: | 吳文哲 |
關鍵字: | 樟白輪盾介殼蟲,月橘白輪盾介殼蟲,族群介量,族群變動,寄生蜂, popultation parameters,fluctuation,parasitoids,Aulacaspis yabunikkei Kuwana,Aulacaspis murrayae Takahashi, |
出版年 : | 2005 |
學位: | 碩士 |
摘要: | 樟白輪盾介殼蟲 (Aulacaspis yabunikkei Kuwana) 與月橘白輪盾介殼蟲 (A. murrayae Takahashi) 是臺灣地區目前危害綠籬觀賞植物與行道樹最嚴重的兩種害蟲。本研究之目的在於觀察溫度對該2種白輪盾介殼蟲生長發育之影響與瞭解其族群介量,並調查其野外族群變動。本論文首先在15、20、25、30與35℃定溫下,在步入式生長箱中各別以該2種白輪盾介殼蟲之自然寄主植物飼育 (樟白輪盾介殼蟲-樟樹;月橘白輪盾介殼蟲-月橘),由卵發育至成蟲的死亡率都是以最低溫度15℃時為最高。然而除了在15℃定溫下所飼養的樟白輪盾介殼蟲無法發育至成蟲期,其餘溫度則皆可成功發育完成世代,各發育期所需日數隨溫度升高而縮短,由直線回歸方程式可估算各齡期的發育臨界低溫與發育有效積溫,樟白輪盾介殼蟲雌蟲卵期的發育臨界低溫為12.8℃;一齡為11.8℃;二齡為14.2℃;雄蟲卵期的發育臨界低溫為15.5℃;一齡為12.6℃;二齡、前蛹和蛹之合併期為16.8℃;各齡期有效積溫,雌蟲卵期為136 DD;一齡為127 DD;二齡為192 DD;雄蟲卵期為91 DD;一齡為98 DD;二齡、前蛹和蛹合併期為103 DD。月橘白輪盾介殼蟲雌蟲卵期的發育臨界低溫為3.62℃;初齡為6.23℃;二齡為6.88℃;雄蟲卵期的發育臨界低溫為3.3℃;初齡為5.26℃;二齡、前蛹和蛹之合併期為5.7℃;各齡期有效積溫,雌蟲卵期為200 DD (日度);一齡為156 DD;二齡為192 DD;雄蟲卵期為200 DD;一齡為154 DD;二齡、前蛹和蛹之合併期為200 DD。而在5種定溫下月橘白輪盾介殼蟲的族群介量之內在增殖率 (rm) 和期限增殖率 (λ) 都有隨溫度上升而遞增的趨勢,而淨生殖率 (R0) 在15℃有最大值146.62,最小值則是在35℃的32.66;平均世代時間 (T) 與族群倍增時間 (Doubling time) 隨溫度上升而縮短。樟白輪盾介殼蟲之淨生殖率 (R0) 在25℃有最大值74.94,最小值則是在35℃的19.76;平均世代時間 (T) 隨溫度上升而有縮短的趨勢,在35℃有最小值32.98日,而在20℃有最大值77.68日,族群倍增時間 (Doubling time) 在20℃最長,需14.94 d,隨溫度隨溫度上升而縮短,到30℃為最短的7.20日,但到35℃卻又增加為7.59日。從2003年11月到2005年1月,每週調查月橘白輪盾介殼蟲與樟白輪盾介殼蟲的野外族群變動;可得知樟白輪盾介殼蟲雌蟲從2月底開始密度上升,一年有3次高峰期,分別是在4月底、六月中旬和7月底,而雄蟲在5月中旬、7月中旬和8月底各有一波高峰期,而其它月份則密度皆維持很低。月橘白輪盾介殼蟲一年約可發生5-6代,世代重疊現象非常顯著,雌蟲從2004年2月底開始密度上升,一年有5個高峰期,分別是在2月底、3月中旬、5月中旬、9月底和11月中旬,雄蟲在3月初、4月底、6月中旬、9月初到10月、和12月初各有一波高峰期。寄生樟白輪盾介殼蟲雌蟲的寄生蜂有Aphytis和Coccobius 2屬的種類;而寄生雄蟲的則僅有Aphytis屬;寄生月橘白輪盾介殼蟲雌蟲的有Aphytis、Coccobius、Microterys和Encarsia 4個屬,寄生雄介殼蟲只有Aphytis屬。 The objectives of this study is to observe the effect of temperature on the development of Aulacaspis yabunikkei Kuwana and A. murrayae Takahashi and estimate the popultation parameters of the two species and investigate their population fluctuation in field during November 2003 to January 2005. They were reared on their main host plant camphor trees (Cinnamomum camphora) and orange-jessamine (Murraya paniculata (Linn.) Jack) respectively in walk-in growth chambers under five constant temperatures, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35℃. The developmental time of these two species from egg to adult decreased with the increase of temperature from 15℃ to 35℃. The results showed that an increase in temperature within limits accelerated the rate of development of all stages. These scales can complete their life history successfully except 15℃ for A. yabunikkei. A. murrayae took 51.96, 40.71, 30.13, 21.25 and 18.47 d to develop from egg to adult at 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35℃, respectively. A linear regression of developmental rate against temperature was established to estimate their low developmental threshold temperature (Tb) and thermal summation (K) that were 3.62, 6.23, and 6.88℃and took 200, 156, and 192 DD (degree-days) for egg stage, crawlers, and second instar of female A. murrayae, respectively. The low developmental threshold temperature (Tb) and thermal summation (K) were 3.3, 5.26, 5.7℃ and 200, 154, 200 DD of for egg stage, crawlers, and nymphal stage of male, respectively. The developmental duration of A. yabunikkei from egg to adult at 20, 25, 30, and 35℃ were 63.32, 42.17, 25.36 and 21.5 d, respectively. The low developmental threshold temperature (Tb) and thermal summation (K) were 12.8, 11.8, 14.2℃ and 136, 127, 192 DD for egg stage, crawlers, and second instar of female. And the low developmental threshold temperature (Tb) and thermal summation (K) were 15.5, 12.6, 16.8 and 91, 98, 103 DD of for egg stage, crawlers, and nymphal stage of male, respectively. The population of A. yabunikkei increased in February, reached three peaks in April, June, July and May, July, Auguest of female and male, respectively. There are five to six annual generations of A. murrayae in Taipei during 2004-2005. The population of the female adult scale had lowest density in January. It increased in February and reached five peaks in February, March, May, September, November and March, April, June, September to October, November of female and male respectively. Aphytis sp. and Coccobius sp. are the parasitoids of A. yabunikkei found on females, and Aphytis sp. is also found on males. Aphytis sp., Coccobius sp., Microterys sp., and Encarsia sp. are the parasitoids of A. murryae on females, and Aphytis sp. is found on males, too. |
URI: | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/24517 |
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