請用此 Handle URI 來引用此文件:
http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/23748
完整後設資料紀錄
DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
---|---|---|
dc.contributor.advisor | 何國川(Kuo-Chuan Ho) | |
dc.contributor.author | Hwa-Chiang Lo | en |
dc.contributor.author | 羅華強 | zh_TW |
dc.date.accessioned | 2021-06-08T05:09:38Z | - |
dc.date.copyright | 2011-07-27 | |
dc.date.issued | 2011 | |
dc.date.submitted | 2011-07-22 | |
dc.identifier.citation | Chapter 1
[1] 何國川, “電化學與無窗簾時代,” 化工, 第37卷第3期, 38 (1990). [2] 楊明長, “電致色變系統簡介,” 化工, 第40卷第2期, 64 (1993). [3] 邱顯堂, “變色性材料,” 化工, 第38卷第2期, 74 (1991). [4] C. G. Granqvist, E. Avendano, and A. Azens, “Electrochromic Coatings and Devices: Survey of Some Recent Advances,” Thin Solid Films, 442, 201 (2003). [5] C. M. Lampert, “Chromogenic Smart Materials,” Materials Today, 7, 28 (2004). [6] C. M. Lampert, “Smart Switchable Glazing for Solar Energy and Daylight Control,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 52, 207 (1998). [7] D. R. Rosseinsky, and R. J. Mortimer, “Electrochromic Systems and the Prospects for Devices,” Adv. Mater., 13, 783 (2001). [8] J. R. Platt, “Electrochromism, a Possible Change of Color Producible in Dyes by an Electric Field,” J. Chem. Phys., 34, 862 (1961). [9] S. K. Deb, Appl. Opt. Suppl., 3, 193 (1969). [10] S. K. Deb, and R. F. Shaw, “Electro-optical Device Having Variable Optical Density,” U. S. Pat., 3,521,941 (1970). [11] F. T. Bauer and J. H. Bechtel, “Automatic Rearview Mirror for Automotive Vehicles,” U. S. Pat., 4,443,057 (1984). [12] H. J. Byker, “Single-compartment, Self-erasing, Solution-phase Electrochromic Devices, Solutions for Use Therein, and Uses Thereof,” U.S. Pat., 4,902,108 (1990). [13] J. H. Brechtel and H. J. Byker, “Automatic Rearview Mirror System for Automotive Vehicles,” U. S. Pat., 4,917,477 (1990). [14] E. S. Lee and D. L. DiBartolomeo, “Application Issues for Large-area Electrochromic Windows in Commercial Buildings,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 71, 465 (2002). [15] T. Kubo, J. Tanimoto, M. Minami, T. Toya, Y. Nishikitani, and H. Watanabe, “Performance and Durability of Electrochromic Windows with Carbon-based Counter Electrode and Their Application in the Architectural and Automotive Fields,” Solid State Ionics, 165, 97 (2003). [16] T. Kubo, T. Shinada, Y. Kobayashi, H. Imafuku, T. Toya, S. Akita, Y. Nishikitani, and H. Watanabe, “Current State of the Art for NOC-AGC Electrochromic Windows for Architectural and Automotive Applications,” Solid State Ionics, 165, 209 (2003). [17] M. Grätzel, “Ultrafast Colour Displays,” Nature, 409, 575 (2001). [18] U. Bach, D. Corr, D. Lupo, F. Pichot, and M. Ryan, “Nanomaterials-Based Electrochromics for Paper-quality Displays,” Adv. Mater., 14, 845 (2002). [19] D. Corr, U. Bach, D. Fay, M. Kinsella, C. McAtamney, F. O’Reilly, S.N. Rao, and N. Stobie, “Coloured Electrochromic “Paper-quality” Displays Based on Modified Mesoporous Electrodes,” Solid State Ionics, 165, 315 (2003). [20] R. D. Rauh, “Electrochromic Windows: an Overview,” Electrochim. Acta, 44, 3165 (1999). [21] Jung-Yu Liao, “Applications of Chemically Modified Electrodes on Sensing and Electro-Optical Devices,” Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, PhD thesis, Taipei, Taiwan (2004). [22] Chiao-Fen Lin, “A Study on Electrochromic Device based on Viologen and Prussian Blue,” Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Master thesis, Taipei, Taiwan (2003). [23] Tsui-Ling Yen, “Study on the Electro-optical Properties of a Novel Poly(amine-imide) Film and Its Electrochromic Devices Assembled with PEDOT,” Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Master thesis, Taipei, Taiwan (2006). [24] Chun-Hao Liao, “The Study of Prussian Blue, Conducting Polymer PEDOT and Their Assembled Electrochromic Devices: Thermal and Long-term Stabilities, and the Behavior of Ion Transport within PEDOT Thin Films,” Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Master thesis, Taipei, Taiwan (2006). Chapter 2 [1] J. R. Platt, “Electrochromism, A Possible Change of Color Producible in Dyes by An Electric Field,' J. Chem. Phys., 34, 862 (1961). [2] F. H. Smith, “Electrochromic medium capable of producing a pre-selected color,'British Patent Specification, 328,017 (1929). [3] H. J. Byker, in Proceedings of the Symposium on Electrochromic Materials II, 94-2, pp.3-13, K. C. Ho and D. M. MacArthur, Editors, The Electrochemical Society, Inc., Pennington, NJ (1994). [4] R. D. Rauh, “Electrochromic Windows and Overview,'Electrochimica Acta, 44, 3165 (1999). [5] I. F. Chang, “Electrochromic and Eletrochemichromic Materials and Phenomena,” in A. R. Kmetz and F. K. von Willisen, Editors, Nonemissive Electrooptic Displays, Plenum Press, New York (1976). [6] F. T. Bauer and J. H. Bechtel, “Automatic Rearview Mirror for Automotive Vehicles,” U. S. Patent, 4,443,057 (1984). [7] H.J. Byker, “Single-compartment, Self-erasing, Solution-phase Electrochromic Devices, Solutions for Use Therein, and Uses Thereof,'U. S. Patent, 4,902,108 (1990). [8] J.H. Bechtel, H.J. Byker, “Automatic Rearview Mirror System for Automotive Vehicles,'U. S. Patent, 4,917,477 (1990). [9] H.J. Byker, “Variable Reflectance Motor Vehicle Mirror,'U. S. Patent, 5,128,799 (1992). [10] H.J. Byker, “Bipyridinium Salt Solutions,'U. S. Patent, 5,294,376 (1994). [11] P. M. S. Monk, R. J. Mortimer, and D. R. Rosseinsky, “Electrochromism: Fundamentals and Applications,'VCH, Weinheim, Germany (1995). [12] K. C. Ho, Y. W. Fang, Y. C. Hsu, and L. C. Chen, “The Influence of Operating Voltage and Cell Gap on the Performance of a Solution-Phase Electrochromic Device Containing HV and TMPD,” Solid State Ionics, 165, 279 (2003). [13] J. Nagai and G. D. McMeeking, “Modeling of electrochromic processes,” Electrochimica Acta , 44, 3177 (1999). [14] L. C. Chen and K. C. Ho, “Design Equations for Complementary Electrochromic Devices: Application to the Tungsten Oxide-Prussian Blue System,” Electrochimica Acta, 46, 2151 (2001). [15] L. C. Chen and K. C. Ho, “Interpretation of Voltammograms in a Typical Two-Electrode Cell: Application to Complementary Electrochromic Systems,” Electrochimica Acta, 46, 2159 (2001). [16] I. V. Shelepin, O. A. Ushakov, N. I. Karpova, and V. A. Barachevskii, “Electrochromism of Organic Compounds I.: Electrochemical and Spectral Properties of a System Based on Methylviologen and 3-Ethyl-2-Benzolone Azine,” Elektrokhimiya, 13, 32 (1977). [17] I. V. Shelepin, V. I. Gavrilov, V. A. Barachevskii, and N. I. Karpova, “Electrochromism of Organic Compounds Ⅱ: Spectral and Electrochemical Examination of a System Based on Methylviologen and 5, 10-Dihydro-5, 10-Dimethylphenazine,” Elektrokhimiya, 13, 404 (1977). [18] O. A. Ushakov, I. V. Shelepin, V. A. Barachevskii, and E. G. Katyshev, “Electrochromism of Organic Compounds: Some Properties of Two-Electrode Cells,” Elektrokhimiya, 14, 319 (1978). [19] O. A. Ushakov I. and V. Shelepin, “A Calculation of Steady-State Electrocoloration Parameters of Electrochromic Systems,” Elektrokhimiya, 21, 918 (1985). [20] K. J. Laidler, J. H. Meiser, and B. C. Sanctuary, “Physical chemistry,” 4th ed., Houghton Mifflin, Boston (2003). Chapter 3 [1] K. Bange and T. Gambke, “Electrochromic Materials for Optical Switching Devices ,” Adv. Mater., 2, 10 (1990). [2] C. M. Lampert and C. G. Granqvist (ed.), “Large-area Chromogenics:Materials and Devices for Transmittance Control, ” SPIE Optical Engineering Press, Bellingham, WA (1990). [3] C. M. Lampert, “International advances in chromogenic switching technology,” Proc. SPIE, 3138, 206 (1997). [4] P. M. S. Monk, C. Turner and S.P. Akhtar, “Electrochemical behaviour of methyl viologen in a matrix of paper,” Electrochim. Acta, 44, 4817 (1999). [5] D. R. Rosseinsky and R. J. Mortimer, “Electrochromic Systems and the Prospects for Devices,” Adv. Mater., 13, 783 (2001). [6] P. M. S. Monk, R.J. Mortimer, and D.R. Rosseinsky, Electrochromism: Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd ed, VCH, Weinheim, 404 (2007). [7] C. G. Granqvist, “Electrochromics: finally a technology for large-scale applications, ” SPIE Newsroom, DOI: 10.1117/2.1200602.0140 (2006). [8] R. Viennet, J.P. Randin, and I.D. Raistrick, “Effect of Active Surface Area on the Response Time of Eiectrochromic and Electrolytic Displays,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 129, 2451 (1982). [9] T. Kase, M. Kawai, and M. Ura, “A New Electrochromic Device for Automotive Glass-The Development of Adjustable Transparency Glass,” SAE Technical Paper Series, 861, 362 (1986). [10] T. Kamimori, J. Nagai, and M. Mizuhashi, “Electrochromic Devices For Transmissive,” Solar Energy Mater., 16, 27 (1987). [11] H. Inaba, M. Iwaku, K. Nakase, H. Yasukawa, I. Seo, and N. Oyama, “Electrochromic Display Device of Tungsten Trioxide and Prussian Blue Films Using Polymer Gel Electrolyte of Methacrylate,” Electrochim. Acta, 40, 227 (1995). [12] A. Maccari, G. Macrelli, P. Polato, and E. Poli, “Design, production and characterisation of an all solid state electrochromic medium size device,” Solar Energy Mater., 4, 217 (1998). [13] K. H. Heckner and A. Kraft, “Similarities between electrochromic windows and thin film batteries,” Solid State Ionics, 152, 899 (2002). [14] J. M. Bell, J. P. Matthews, and I. L . Skryabin, “Modelling switching of electrochromic devices—a route to successful large area device design,” Solid State Ionics, 152, 853 (2002). [15] V. Jain H. M. Yochum, R. Montazami, and J. R. Heflin, “Millisecond switching in solid state electrochromic polymer devices fabricated from ionic self-assembled multilayers,” Appl. phys. Lett., 92, 033304 (2008). [16] K. C. Ho, “Cycling and At-rest Stabilities of a Complementary Electrochromic Device based on Tungsten Oxide and Prussian Blue Thin Films,” Electrochim. Acta, 44, 3227 (1999). [17] T. Kase, T. Miyamoto, T. Yoshimoto, Y. Ohsawa, H. Inaba, and K. Nakase, “Large-Area Chromogenics: Materials and Devices for Transmittance Control,” SPIE Optical Engineering Press, Bellingham, WA, 504 (1990). [18] C. G. Granqvist, Handbook of Inorganic Electrochromic Materials, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 506 (1995). [19] R. D. Rauh and S. F. Cogan, “Design model for electrochromic windows and application to the WO3/IrO2 system,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 140, 378 (1993) [20] K. C. Ho, T. G. Rukavina, and C. B. Greenberg, “Tungsten oxide-Prussian blue electrochromic system based on a proton-conducting polymer electrolyte,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 141, 2061 (1994). Chapter 4 [1] K. Itaya, K. Shibayama, H. Akahoshi, and S. Toshima, “Prussian-blue-modified electrodes: An application for a stable electrochromic display device,” J. Appl. Phys., 53, 804-805 (1982). [2] F. T. Bauer and J. H. Bechtel, “Automatic rearview mirror for automotive vehicles,” U.S. Pat., 4,443,057 (1984). [3] N. Leventis, Y.C. Chung, “Complementary surface confined polymer electrochromic materials, systems, and methods of fabrication therefor,” U.S. Pat., 5,457,564 (1995). [4] R.D. Rauh, “Electrochromic windows: an overview,” Electrochim. Acta, 44, 3165-3176 (1999). [5] I.V. Shelepin, O.A. Ushakov, N.I. Karpova, V.A. Barachevskii, “Electrochromism of organic-compounds .1. electrochemical and spectral properties of a system based on methylviologen and 3-ethyl-2-benzothiazolone azine,” Soviet Electrochemistry, 13, 24-28 (1977). [6] H. J. Byker, “Single-compartment, self-erasing, solution-phase electrochromic devices, solutions for use therin, and uses thereof,” U.S. Pat., 4,902,108 (1990). [7] N. Leventis, M. Chen, A.I. Liapis, J.W. Johnson, A. Jain, “Characterization of 3 × 3 Matrix Arrays of Solution-Phase Electrochromic Cells,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 145, L55-L58 (1998). [8] N. Leventis, Y. C. Chung, “New complementary electrochromic system based on poly(pyrrole)-Prussian blue composite, a benzylviologen polymer, and poly(vinylpyrrolidone)/potassium sulfate aqueous electrolyte,” Chem. Mater., 4, 1415-1422 (1992). [9] D. Cummins, G. Boschloo, M. Ryan, D. Corr, S. N. Rao, and D. Fitzmaurice, “Ultrafast electrochromic windows based on redox-chromophore modified nanostructured semiconducting and conducting films,” J. Phys. Chem. B, 104, 11449-11459 (2000). [10] J. Y. Lim, H. C. Ko, and H. Lee, “Single- and dual-type electrochromic devices based on polycarbazole derivative bearing pendent viologen,” Synth. Metals, 156, 695-698 (2006). [11] X. W. Sun and J. X. Wang, “Fast switching electrochromic display using a viologen-modified ZnO nanowire array electrode,” Nano Lett., 8, 1884-1889 (2008). [12] Y. Nishikitani, M. Kobayashi, S. Uchida, and T. Kubo, “Electrochemical properties of non-conjugated electrochromic polymers derived from aromatic amine derivatives,” Electrochim. Acta, 46, 2035-2040 (2001). [13] R. Cinnsealach, G. Boschloo, S. N. Rao, D. Fitzmaurice, “Coloured electrochromic windows based on nanostructured TiO2 films modified by adsorbed redox chromophores,” Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 57, 107-125 (1999). [14] V. D. Neff, “Electrochemical oxidation and reduction of thin-films of prussian blue,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 125, 886-887 (1978). [15] D. Ellis, M. Eckhoff, and V. D. Neff, “Electrochromism in the mixed-valence hexacyanides .1. voltammetric and spectral studies of the oxidation and reduction of thin-films of prussian blue, ” J. Phys. Chem., 85, 1225-1231 (1981). [16] K. P. Rajan and V. D. Neff, “Electrochromism in the mixed-valence hexacyanides .2. kinetics of the reduction of ruthenium purple and prussian blue,” J. Phys. Chem., 86, 4361-4368 (1982). [17] K. Itaya, T. Ataka, and S. Toshima, “Spectroelectrochemistry and electrochemical preparation method of prussian blue modified electrodes,” J. Am. Chem. Soc., 104, 4767-4772 (1982). [18] K. Itaya, H. Akahoshi, and S. Toshima, “Electrochemistry of prussian blue modified electrodes - an electrochemical preparation method,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 129, 1498-1500 (1982). [19] H. Kellawi and D. R. Rosseinsky, “Electrochemical bichromic behavior of ferric ferrocyanide (prussian blue) in thin-film redox processes,” J. Electroanal. Chem., 131, 373-376 (1982). [20] R. J. Mortimer, D. R. Rosseinsky, “Electrochemical polychromicity in iron hexacyanoferrate films, and a new film form of ferric ferricyanide,” J. Electroanal. Chem., 151, 133-147 (1983). [21] R. J. Mortimer and D. R. Rosseinsky, “Iron hexacyanoferrate films - spectroelectrochemical distinction and electrodeposition sequence of soluble (k+-containing) and insoluble (k+-free) prussian blue, and composition changes in polyelectrochromic switching,” J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans., 2059-2061 (1984). [22] P. M. S. Monk, The Viologens, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, pp.3 (1998). [23] H. J. Byker, “Bipyridinium salt solutions”, U.S. Pat., 5,294,376 (1994). [24] L. C. Chen and K. C. Ho, “Design equations for complementary electrochromic devices: application to the tungsten oxide-Prussian blue system,” Electrochim. Acta, 46, 2151-2158 (2001). [25] K. C. Ho, T. G. Rukavina, and C. B. Greenberg, “Tungsten-oxide Prussian blue electrochromic system based on a proton-conducting polymer electrolyte,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 141, 2061-2067 (1994). [26] P. V. Ashrit, K. Benaissa, G. Bader, F. E. Girounare, V.V. Truong, “Lithiation studies on some transition-metal oxides for an all-solid thin-film electrochromic system,” Solid State Ion., 59, 47-57 (1993). [27] M. C. Bernard, A. Hugot-Le Goff, and W. Zeng, “Elaboration and study of a PANI/PAMPS/WO3 all solid-state electrochromic device,” Electrochim. Acta, 44, 781-796 (1998). [28] N. Leventis, Y. C. Chung, “Polyaniline-Prussian blue novel composite-material for electrochromic applications,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 137, 3321-3322 (1990). [29] B. P. Jelle, G. Hagen, S. Nødland, “Transmission spectra of an electrochromic window consisting of polyaniline, prussian blue and tungsten-oxide,” Electrochim. Acta, 38, 1497-1500 (1993). Chapter 5 [1] G. Sauerbrey , “Verwendung von Schwingquarzen zur Wagung dünner Schichten und sur Mikrowagung,” Z. Phys., 155, 206 (1959). [2] F. Blanchard, B. Carré, F. Bonhomme, P. Biensan, H. Pagés, and D. Lemordant, “Study of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Films Prepared in Propylene Carbonate Solutions Containing Different Lithium Salts,” J. Electroanal. Chem., 569, 203 (2004). [3] D. B. Wurm and Y.-T. Kim, “Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance study of the growth characteristics of N-alkylpyrrole: Organic monolayers as nucleation sites for ordered polymer growth,” Langmuir, 16, 4533 (2000). [4] I. Efimov, S. Winkel, and J.W. Schultze, “EQCM study of electropolymerization and redox cycling of 3,4-polyethylenedioxythiophene,” J. Electroanal. Chem., 499, 169 (2001). [5] W. Paik, I. H. Yeo, H. Suh, and Y. Kim, E. Song, “Ion transport in conducting polymers doped with electroactive anions examined by EQCM,” Electrochimica Acta , 45, 3833 (2000). [6] G. Inzelt, “Simultaneous chronoamperometric and quartz crystal microbalance studies of redox transformations of polyaniline films,” Electrochimica Acta, 45,3865 (2000). [7] A. Bund and S. Neudeck, “Effect of the Solvent and the Anion on the Doping/Dedoping Behavior of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Films Studied with the Electrochemical Quartz Microbalance,” J. Phys. Chem. B , 108, 17845 (2004). [8] L. Niu, C. Kvarnström, and A. Ivaska, “Mixed Ion Transfer in Redox Processes of Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene),” J. Electroanal. Chem., 569, 151 (2004). [9] B. Wang, J. Zhang, G. Cheng, and S. Dong, “Amperometric enzyme electrode for the determination of hydrogen peroxide based on sol–gel/hydrogel composite film,” Anal. Chim. Acta, 407, 111 (2000). [10] J. D. Craig and R. D. O’Neill, “Comparison of simple aromatic amines for electrosynthesis of permselective polymers in biosensor fabrication,” Analyst, 128 ,905 (2003). [11] K. A. Marx and T. Zhou, “Comparative study of electropolymerization versus adsorption of tyrosine and the decyl ester of tyrosine on platinum electrodes,” J. Electroanal. Chem., 521, 53 (2002). [12] T. Ohtsuka, T. Wakabayashi, and H. Einaga,“Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance study of polypyrrole and tungstate polyanion composite films,” J. Electroanal. Chem., 377, 107 (1994). [13] A. R. Hillman, M. J. Swann, and S. Bruckenstein, “General Approach to the Interpretation of Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance Data. 1. Cyclic Voltammetry: Kinetic Subtleties in the Electrochemical Doping of Polybithiophene Films,” J. Phys. Chem., 95 (1991) 3271. [14] L. Niu, C. Kvarnstrom, S. Dong, and A. Ivaska, “Mixed Ion Transfer Analysis in Redox Processes of Electroactive Thin Films,” Synth. Met., 121, 1389 (2001) [15] E. J. Calvo and A. Wolosiuk, “Donnan permselectivity in layer-by-layer self-assembled redox polyelectrolyte thin films,” J. Am. Chem. Soc., 124, 5490 (2002). [16] E. J. Calvo, E.S. Forzani, M. Otero, “Study of layer-by-layer self-assembled viscoelastic films on thickness-shear mode resonator surfaces,” Anal. Chem., 74, 3281 (2002). [17] T. Frelink, W. Visscher, J.A.R. van Veen, “Measurement of the Ru Surface Content of Electrocodeposited PtRu Electrodes with the Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance: Implications for Methanol and CO Electrooxidation,” Langmuir, 12, 3702 (1996). [18] E. W. Bohanan, L. Y. Huang, F. S. Miller, M. G. Shumsky, J. A. Switzer, “In situ electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance study of potential oscillations during the electrodeposition of Cu/Cu2O layered nanostructures,” Langmuir, 15, 813 (1999) [19] T. D. Selby, K. Y. Kim, and S. C. Blackstock, “Patterned redox arrays of polyarylamines I. Synthesis and electrochemistry of a p-phenylenediamine and arylamino-appended p-phenylenediamine arrays,” Chem. Mater., 14, 1685 (2002). [20] D. A. Buttry and M. D. Ward, “Measurement of interfacial processes at electrode surfaces with the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance,” Chem. Rev., 92, 1355 (1992). [21] S. L. de Albuquerque Maranhão and R. M. Torresi, “Anion and Solvent Exchange as a Function of the Redox States in Polyaniline Films,” J. Electrochem. Soc., 146, 4179 (1999). [22] H. Varela, R. L. Bruno, and R. M. Torresi, “Ionic Transport in Conducting Polymers/Nickel Tetrasulfonated Phthalocyanine Modified Electrodes,” Polymer, 44, 5369 (2003). [23] S. H. Cheng, S. H. Hsiao, T. H. Su, and G. S. Liou, “Novel Aromatic Poly(amine-imide)s Bearing a Pendent Triphenylamine Group: Synthesis, Thermal, Photophysical, Electrochemical, and Electrochromic Characteristics,” Macromolecules, 38, 307 (2005). | |
dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/23748 | - |
dc.description.abstract | 這篇論文描述作者在博士班研究工作中有關電致色變薄膜和元件的發現,除了第一章的前言與第六章的結論之外,四篇各自獨立的章節構成本篇論文的主體。前三章作者主要針對三種不同類型的電致色變元件,使用一些通用型原理和方程式來建模及模擬。第五章則說明作者如何模擬離子在電致色變薄膜中的輸送過程。因為所有討論的電致色變元件都屬於建模和模擬的工作,所以本篇論文的標題就訂為『電致色變薄膜元件的建模和模擬』,為了清楚說明本篇論文,各章摘要如下所述:
在第二章中,我們提出由紫精 (Heptyl Viologen)(HV(BF4)2) 和TMPD (N,N,N’,N’-tetramethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine) 所組成的溶液型互補式電致色變元件,可用質傳擴散模式來描述,並使用有限元素法來求解。透過此種方式,在著色及去色過程中,給定適當的初始和邊界條件後,擴散物質的暫態濃度分布的數值解可以求得。我們提出極限著色物質是由電極一端較快達到穩態濃度分布的著色物質所決定。於著去色時,模擬出的穩態電流密度與實驗數據相當一致。 在第三章中,利用電腦模擬來探討薄膜型互補式電致色變元件其活性面積對轉換響應的影響。我們使用等效電路模式來模擬薄膜型元件於著去色時其轉換響應曲線。此研究中,使用三氧化鎢 (tungsten oxide, WO3)/普魯士藍 (Prussian blue, PB) 互補式元件當作模擬系統,並且展示元件內電量密度的穩態響應。電腦模擬使用有限元素法軟體COMSOL Multiphysics®。此數值結果可為電致色變元件的發展和應用提供一些有用的資訊。電量密度動態揭示電荷輸送的動力學行為。我們將嵌入及嵌出電量密度值對不同的元件特性長度值作圖,圖中顯示了接近直線正比的關係。我們再將轉換時間對元件特性長度值作圖,圖中再次顯示了接近直線正比的關係。這就是說,愈大的元件面積需要較長的轉換時間。因此,我們可以藉由改變元件面積幾何形狀與電致色變薄膜的熱力學參數,來分析和預測薄膜型元件的轉換響應和光學性能是可行的。 在第四章中,在導電玻璃ITO基材上的普魯士藍薄膜電極,使用碳酸丙烯(propylene carbonate, PC) 作為溶劑,過氯酸鋰 (lithium perchlorate, LiClO4) 作為電解質,用循環伏安分析 (Cyclic Voltammetry, CV) 研究其電化學。提出一個普魯士藍薄膜在ITO電極上的質傳模式用於循環伏安行為,此模式在膜/ITO界面上將併入電子轉移動力學。我們也研究紫精溶液的循環伏安行為,使用Bulter-Volmer方程式來描述紫精溶在ITO電極表面上的循環伏安圖。我們研究此一液一膜型 (PB/HV) 互補式電致色變元件的循環伏安行為,就是將普魯士藍膜的CV和紫精溶液的CV結合在一起。 在第五章中,使用一種新型聚 (胺-醯亞胺,簡稱為Poly(PD-BCD)) 的電致色變薄膜來研究離子輸送,此種薄膜電極利用循環伏安法和電化學微量石英震盪天平(EQCM)來鑑定。藉由EQCM建模及模擬來做實驗數據分析。由於Poly(PD-BCD) 薄膜於氧化時為radical cation以及dication 的狀態,因此,在薄膜氧化過程中陰離子勢必會進入薄膜以平衡電性,而對於陽離子影響的確認方面,本研究利用含有三種不同陽離子基團之過氯酸鹽對薄膜之兩段反應進行分析,分別為LiClO4、NaClO4以及TBACO4,以了解陽離子效應對於薄膜的影響。將質量變化( m)對累積電量(Q)作圖,其電致色變機構就可以求得。從CV-EQCM的測量,在第一次氧化還原階段其 m-Q圖形中的斜率在三種電解質中是不同的,但在第二次氧化還原階段中卻幾乎是相同的。這意義是,在第一次氧化還原階段,陰陽離子都扮演重要角色;然而在第二次氧化還原階段,陽離子的角色較不重要。最後,我們提出Poly(PD-BCD) 有兩個反應機構對此兩個氧化還原階段。 | zh_TW |
dc.description.abstract | This dissertation describes the author’s findings concerning the electrochromic (EC) thin films and devices during his PhD work. Besides the introductory (Chapter 1) and concluding (Chapter 6) chapters, four separate chapters (Chapters 2 to 5) are written as the main body of this dissertation. The first three chapters (Chapters 2 to 4) mainly deal with some universal principles and equations, simulated by the author, for three different configurations of electrochromic devices (ECDs). The last chapter (Chapters 5) addresses how the author simulated ion transport in an electrochromic thin-film. Since all of the ECDs discussed belong to the works for modeling and simulation, this dissertation is entitled “Modeling and Simulation for Electrochromic devices.” To present a clear picture of this dissertation, the main contents are summarized as follows.
In the chapter 2, the diffusion model describing mass transport in a solution-type complementary electrochromic device containing heptyl viologen and N,N,N’,N’-tetramethyl-1,4-phenylenediamine is proposed and is solved using the finite element method. Using the method, a numerical solution to the transient concentration profile of the diffusing species is obtained for appropriate initial and boundary conditions during the coloring/bleaching process. Limiting coloring species are presented and are determined by the electrode at which the steady-state concentration profile is established faster. The simulated steady-state current density during coloring/bleaching fit well with the experimental data. In the chapter 3, this study uses computer simulations to investigate the effect of the active area of a complementary electrochromic device on switching response. The switching response curves of darkening and bleaching were simulated with an equivalent circuit model of a thin-film-type device. This study uses a tungsten oxide/Prussian blue complementary device as the simulated system, and demonstrates the steady-state response of the charge density within the device. Computer simulations were performed using the finite element method in the COMSOL Multiphysics® program. Numerical results provide some useful information for the development and application of electrochromic devices. Charge density dynamics reveal the kinetic behavior of charge transport. The graph of injected or extracted charge density versus characteristic lengths for various sizes shows an approximately linear relationship. The graph of switching times versus characteristic lengths also shows an approximately linear relationship. A larger active area produces a longer switching time. By changing the geometrical shape of the active area and the thermodynamic parameters of the two electrodes in electrochromic films, it is possible to analyze and predict the switching response and the optical performance of a thin-film type device. In the chapter 4, the electrochemistry of a Prussian blue (PB) thin film on an ITO electrode was studied in propylene carbonate (PC) solution using the Li+ of lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) electrolyte as the counter ion by cyclic voltammetry (CV). A model is proposed for the cyclic voltammetric behavior of a PB film on an ITO electrode surface. The model incorporates electron-transfer kinetics at film/ITO interface and diffusion within the film. The cyclic voltammetry of a heptyl viologen (HV(BF4)2) solution was also studied. The Butler-Volmer equation was used to describe the cyclic voltammogram of a HV solution on an ITO electrode surface. The cyclic voltammetric behavior of a complementary electrochromic device (ECD) based on a Prussian blue (PB) thin film and a heptyl viologen (HV(BF4)2) solution was studied by the combination of the CVs for the PB film and HV in PC containing 1M LiClO4. In the chapter 5, A new aromatic poly(amine-imide) electrochromic thin film synthesized with N,N-bis(4-aminophenyl)-N’,N’-diphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine and 3,3’,4,4’-benzo-phenonetetra carboxylic dianhydride, abbreviated as poly(PD-BCD), was used for study of ion transport within thin film. The poly(PD-BCD) thin-film electrode has been characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM). Experimental data was analyzed by EQCM modeling and simulation. As the polymer chain acquires positive charge during the oxidation of poly(PD-BCD) to its radical cation state or dication state, the anions would insert into the polymer matrix in order to neutralize the charge. However, when the electrodes were cycled in electrolytes containing different cations, including 0.1 M LiClO4/ACN, 0.1 M NaClO4/ACN and 0.1 M TBAClO4/ACN, the experimental results revealed two mechanisms for the redox reaction. A plot of mass change (Δm) vs. accumulated charge (Q) gave a slope, from which the electrochromic mechanism can be extracted. The slopes of Δm-Q obtained from the CV-EQCM measurements in three electrolytes were different for the first redox stage, but the slopes were almost the same for the second redox stage. This means that, in addition to the involvement of anions, cations also play an important role in the first redox stage, however, the role of the cations is less in the second stage. Moreover, two reaction mechanisms for the two reaction stages of poly(PD-BCD) are proposed in this study. | en |
dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-08T05:09:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ntu-100-D92524021-1.pdf: 1815170 bytes, checksum: 0c723bafcb61343972311464ae3cfb3d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 | en |
dc.description.tableofcontents | Abstract 2
Chinese Abstract 5 Acknowledgements 8 Table of Contents 9 List of Tables 12 List of Figures 13 Symbols & Abbreviations 18 Chapter 1 Introduction 20 1.1 Chromic Materials 20 1.2 Electrochromic Technology 21 1.3 Configurations of Electrochromic Devices 25 1.4 The Bottleneck in Development of ECDs 32 1.5 Scope 33 1.6 References 34 Chapter 2 On the Modeling of a Solution-Phase Electrochromic Device 37 2.1 Introduction 37 2.2 Experimental Aspects 40 2.3 Modeling a Solution-Phase ECD 42 2.4 Results and Discussions 48 2.5 Conclusions 52 2.6 Appendix A: Theoretical Calculation of Simulation Parameters 53 2.7 References 54 Chapter 3 Effect of Active Area of a Complementary Electrochromic Device on Switching and Optical Responses: Modeling and Simulation 73 3.1 Introduction 73 3.2 Model 77 3.3 Results and Discussions 82 3.4 Conclusions 85 3.5 Appendix B: The Potential Difference Relationships 85 3.6 References 86 Chapter 4 Cyclic Voltammetry for a Complementary Electrochromic System based on a Prussian Blue Thin Film and a Heptyl Viologen Solution 101 4.1 Introduction 101 4.2 Model 105 4.3 Results and Discussions 108 4.4 Conclusions 117 4.5 Appendix C: Experimental 118 4.6 References 120 Chapter 5 Ionic Transport within an Electrochromic Thin Film: An EQCM Modeling Study for a Novel Aromatic Poly(amine-imide) Electrochromic Thin Film 134 5.1 Introduction 134 5.2 Model 136 5.3 Results and Discussions 138 5.4 Conclusions 147 5.5 Appendix D: Experimental 148 5.6 References 149 Chapter 6 Conclusions & Future Works 164 6.1 Concluding Remarks 164 6.2 Future Works 165 Biography 167 Appendix E Another Interpretation for Recombination Plane 170 List of Tables Table 1-1 Comparative features of electrochromic devices. 32 Table 2-1 (a) Models in the darkening and bleaching process for anodic limiting species. 57 (b) Models in the darkening and bleaching process for cathodic limiting species. 58 Table 3-1 Simulation parameters of the electrochromic model. 89 Table 3-2 Simulation results of the electrochromic model. 89 Table 4-1 A partial list of the viologen-based ECDs. 103 Table 4-2 Simulated parameters of cyclic voltammetry of an HV(BF4)2 solution. 116 Table 5-1 A summary of the stoichiometric number of Li+ calculated from oxidative and reductive processes of the 1st redox reaction region (0.1~0.6 V) of poly(PD-BCD) at 5th, 10th and 20th cycles. 153 Table 5-2 A summary of the solvent to anion flux ratio calculated from the oxidative process (αO) for the 10th cycle of poly(PD-BCD) at different applied potentials. 153 Table 5-3 A summary of the solvent to anion flux ratio calculated from the reductive process (αR) for the 10th cycle of poly(PD-BCD) at different applied potentials. 154 List of Figures Fig. 1-1 Product demo of Night Vision Safety mirror 23 Fig. 1-2 (a) Electrochromic smart window shown in bleached state (left) and in colored state (right) 23 (b) Electrochromic smart window shown in bleached state (left) and in colored state(right) 24 Fig. 1-3 Electrochromic technologies used in display devices 24 Fig. 1-4 Schematic representation of the typical structure of an electrochromic device 30 Fig. 1-5 Operating principles of various ECDs. (a) Solution type, (b) Thin-film battery-like type, and (c) hybrid type. 31 Fig. 1-6 Flowchart of this study in the dissertation 33 Fig. 2-1 The illustration of a solution-type ECD containing HV and TMPD as coloring species. 59 Fig. 2-2 (a) A plot of the recombination plane and the steady-state concentration profiles of HV and TMPD for anodic limiting species. 60 (b) A plot of the recombination plane and the steady-state concentration profiles of HV and TMPD for cathodic limiting species. 61 Fig. 2-3 (a) Current density responses for the reduced potential stepping from –0.9 V to –1.1 ~ –1.5 V (vs. Ag/AgClO4).62 (b) Current-time responses of TMPD under various oxidized potentials, ranging from –0.6 V ~ 0 V (vs. Ag/AgClO4). 63 Fig. 2-4 Plots of against during the coloring stage with potential steps for HV2+ and TMPD. 64 Fig. 2-5 (a) The current-time response of an ECD containing 0.05 M HV/TMPD at darkening potential of 1.0 V. 65 (b) Relations between transmittance (615 nm) and time of an ECD darkened by Ed = 1.0 V for 20 s and bleached by (i) open circuit, and (ii) Eb = 0 V. 66 Fig. 2-6 (a) The transient concentration profile of TMPD in the anodic region operated at a diffusion control potential. 67 (b) The transient concentration profile of HV in the cathodic region operated at a diffusion control potential. 68 Fig. 2-7 (a) Concentration profile of in a solution-phase ECD, with DA* = 9.84 × 10-7 cm2/sec, CA0 = 0.05 M. 69 (b) Concentration profile of in a solution-phase ECD, with DC* = 5.64 × 10-7 cm2/sec, CC0 = 0.05M. 70 Fig. 2-8 (a) Concentration profile of when bleaching by Eb = 0 V in a solution-phase ECD, with DA* = 9.84 × 10-7 cm2/sec, CA0 = 0.05 M. 71 (b) Concentration profile of when bleaching by Eb = 0 V in a solution-phase ECD, with DC* = 5.64 × 10-7 cm2/sec, CC0 = 0.05 M. 72 Fig. 3-1 Schematic diagram of an ECD for EC1/EC2. 90 Fig. 3-2 Schematic diagram of equivalent circuit for an ECD. 91 Fig. 3-3 A scaling-up size of the ECD with three different measured points as A, B, and C. 92 Fig. 3-4 Nonlinear injected charge density response of three different sizes of ECDs for = 0.012 Ωm2 during (a) darkening process; (b) bleaching process. 93 Fig. 3-5 The experimental and simulated transmittance responses of the WO3/PC + LiClO4/PB electrochromic system for three different points when the device I were darkened at +1.2 V and bleached at -0.6 V. 95 Fig. 3-6 The injected and extracted charge density as a function of the square root of the active area for three different sizes with the WO3/PC + LiClO4/PB configuration during (a) darkening process; (b) bleaching process. 96 Fig. 3-7 The switching time as a function of the square root of the active area for three different sizes with the WO3/PC + LiClO4/PB configuration during (a) darkening process; (b) bleaching process. 98 Fig. 3-8 Dependent of darkening and bleaching response on their point C for three different sizes of ECDs. 100 Fig. 4-1 The illustration of a hybrid-type ECD containing HV and PB as coloring species: (a) the bleaching process and (b) the darkening process. 102 Fig. 4-2 Cyclic voltammograms of PB film in PC containing 1 M LiClO4 with different scan rates. 124 Fig. 4-3 Plots of the anodic and the cathodic peak currents in CVs of a PB film to the square root of scan rate in PC containing 1 M LiClO4. 125 Fig. 4-4 Cyclic voltammograms of 0.01 M HV(BF4)2 in PC containing 1 M LiClO4 as the supporting electrolyte. 126 Fig. 4-5 Cyclic voltammograms of 0.01 M HV(BF4)2 in PC containing 1 M LiClO4 with different scan rates. 127 Fig. 4-6 Plots of the anodic and the cathodic peak currents (electrode area = 4 cm2) in CVs of 0.01 M HV(BF4)2 to the square root of scan rate in PC containing 1 M LiClO4. 128 Fig. 4-7 Combination of the CVs for PB and HV film in PC + 1 M LiClO4. 129 Fig. 4-8 Two-electrode CV of the ITO/0.05 M HV in PC with 1 M LiClO4/PB/ITO ECD (δ = 0.150 mm). 130 Fig. 4-9 Cyclic voltammograms of PHECD under different scan rates 131 Fig. 4-10 The relationship between the transmittance and the applied cell voltage at a scan rate of 1 mV/s, applied cell voltage 0 V~1 V. The cell gap (δ) of the ECD is 0.074 mm. 132 Fig. 4-11 The simulated CV for HV film in PC containing 1 M LiClO4.133 Fig. 5-1 The simplified redox process of poly(PD-BCD) from its neutral state, radical cation state to dication state. Path A and B are the two probable paths for the resonance of radical. 155 Fig. 5-2 The typical CV of poly(PD-BCD) (Cdep= 0.3 wt%) cycled in 0.1 M LiClO4/ACN solution with a scan rate of 100 mV/s. The area of the film electrode is 2 2 cm^2. 156 Fig. 5-3 The relationship between mass change and accumulated charge of poly(PD-BCD) films measured by CV cycling between 0.1 and 0.6 V in different electrolyte solutions containing 0.1 M LiClO4, 0.1 M NaClO4 and 0.1 M TBAClO4, respectively. 157 Fig. 5-4 The in-situ CV-EQCM results of a poly(PD-BCD) film for 10th cycle measured between 0.1 and 0.6 V in 0.1 M LiClO4/ACN with a scan rate of 100 mV/s. Solid line is the mass change and dashed line is the current density of the poly(PD-BCD) film as a function of the potential. 158 Fig. 5-5 The molar fluxes of cation (Li+), anion (ClO4-) and electron during the redox CV cycling of Poly(PD-BCD) film between 0.1 and 0.6 V. 159 Fig. 5-6 The in-situ mass change of poly(PD-BCD) film cycled in 0.1 M LiClO4/ACN solution during CV cycling from 0.1 to 0.6 V for the first 10 cycles with a scan rate of 100 mV/s. 160 Fig. 5-7 The relationship between mass change and accumulated charge of poly(PD-BCD) films measured by CV cycling between 0.5 and 0.9 V in different electrolyte solutions containing 0.1 M LiClO4, 0.1 M NaClO4 and 0.1 M TBAClO4, respectively. 161 Fig. 5-8 The in-situ CV-EQCM result of poly(PD-BCD) film cycled between 0.5 and 0.9 V in 0.1 M LiClO4/ACN with a scan rate of 100 mV/s. 162 Fig. 5-9 The molar fluxes of cation (Li+), anion (ClO4-) and electron during the redox cycling of poly(PD-BCD) film from 0.5 to 0.9 V. 163 Fig. E-1 Schematic diagram of a steady-state cell allocation, showing the location of the recombination plane. 171 Fig. E-2 (a) Concentration profile of anodically coloring material A in a solution-phase ECD, with DA=9.84×10-7cm2/sec, CA0=0.05M. 173 (b) Concentration profile of cathodically coloring material C in a solution-phase ECD, with DC=5.64×10-7cm2/sec, CC0=0.05M. 174 (c) The simulated current-time responses of an ECD containing 0.05 M HV/TMPD at darkening potential of 1.0 V. 175 Fig. E-3 Operation principles of a solution-phase ECD. 176 Fig. E-4 Concentration vs. distance at steady state in a solution-phase ECD. 180 | |
dc.language.iso | en | |
dc.title | 電致色變元件之建模與模擬 | zh_TW |
dc.title | Modeling and Simulation for Electrochromic Devices | en |
dc.type | Thesis | |
dc.date.schoolyear | 99-2 | |
dc.description.degree | 博士 | |
dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 顏溪成(Shi-Chern Yen),吳嘉文(Chia-Wen (Kevin),陳林祈(Lin-Chi Chen),林正嵐(Cheng-Lan Lin),周澤川(Tse-Chuan Chou),郭正亮(Jeng-Liang Kuo) | |
dc.subject.keyword | 電致色變元件,建模,模擬, | zh_TW |
dc.subject.keyword | Electrochromic Devices,Modeling,Simulation, | en |
dc.relation.page | 180 | |
dc.rights.note | 未授權 | |
dc.date.accepted | 2011-07-22 | |
dc.contributor.author-college | 工學院 | zh_TW |
dc.contributor.author-dept | 化學工程學研究所 | zh_TW |
顯示於系所單位: | 化學工程學系 |
文件中的檔案:
檔案 | 大小 | 格式 | |
---|---|---|---|
ntu-100-1.pdf 目前未授權公開取用 | 1.77 MB | Adobe PDF |
系統中的文件,除了特別指名其著作權條款之外,均受到著作權保護,並且保留所有的權利。