學齡前幼兒之母親的親職壓力：納入「親職反芻」的歷程模式

Abstract

真實環境中親職壓力的源頭層層交疊、且親職壓力來襲又多半為長期存在之進行式，實難以單一時間點、單一壓力源表徵。有鑑於此，本研究除納入丈夫與子女的因子取代單一親職壓力源的角度，解析母親產生親職壓力源之結構外，也參考「憂鬱反芻」之機制，以包含情緒焦點、功能性與意義尋找等三種「親職反芻」表徵個體長期壓力遭逢過程不斷形成的迴路，亦即透過親職壓力與親職反芻間的交互預測力呈現兩者間的迴路關係。本研究共有三項子研究，研究一為落實由本研究新創之親職反芻，透過發展測量工具及檢驗心理計量特性予其一套操作型定義。研究二主旨在以丈夫情緒支持、幼兒氣質為前導因子，經由母親親職壓力感受，預測同一時間點之三種親職反芻的個別差異。研究三則探討母親親職反芻與後續親職壓力感受間的關係：除以親職反芻解釋後續親職壓力個別差異外，亦探討親職反芻調節親職壓力跨時穩定性的效果。本研究為間隔三個月分兩次施測問卷的縱貫研究設計，第一次施測邀請學齡前幼兒之主要照顧者填寫（1）親職反芻量表，並針對主要照顧者為母親者加收（2）親職壓力（Abidin, 1995）、（3）幼兒氣質（Rothbart et al., 2001）及（4）社會網絡互動系統之丈夫情緒支持（Lay & Liu, 1996）；第二次則邀請這些母親再次填答親職壓力量表。研究一共有119位主要照顧者（幼兒年齡：M = 48.48個月，SD = 14個月，男孩67人）的資料納入親職反芻量表之題項分析；研究二與研究三則依研究目的分別篩選出87位母親（幼兒年齡：M = 53.39個月，SD = 12.69個月，男孩48人）與89位母親（幼兒年齡：M = 51.02個月，SD = 14.11個月，男孩45人）。研究一在以項目分析方法進行刪題與修改測量工具後，內部一致性信度與探索式因素分析等結果皆指出修改版量表信效度應處可接受範圍。研究二共分三部分，前二部分採取二階階層迴歸分析，分別探討兩種前導因子──幼兒氣質與丈夫情緒支持之主要效果及兩者間交互作用如何預測母親親職反芻以及同時間點壓力感受。第一部分之研究結果除顯示兩種前導因子對親職反芻之主要效果有所殊異外；幼兒外向性部分雖無主效果，但其與丈夫情緒支持之交互作用可預測三種親職反芻。第二部份則除顯示幼兒負向情感及奮力控制對親子失能互動及難養兒童的預測效果外，也發現幼兒外向性與丈夫情緒支持之交互作用對母親親職困擾及親子失能互動的預測效果。研究二第三部分整合前二部分研究結果，進行調節式多中介及多中介分析；結果除顯示幼兒外向性及丈夫情緒支持的交互作用可藉由親職壓力感受的多中介路徑預測母親三種親職反芻外，幼兒負向情感也可藉由親職壓力感受的多中介路徑預測母親情緒焦點及意義尋找反芻。研究三亦採取階層迴歸分析，首先以三種親職反芻預測稍晚親職壓力感受，除發現意義尋找反芻與情緒焦點反芻的正向解釋力外，也發現功能性反芻的負向解釋力，顯示不同反芻預測親職壓力之效果殊異性。其次則個別以第一次親職壓力與一種親職反芻之交互作用預測第二次親職壓力，結果顯示情緒焦點反芻、意義尋找反芻具有調節親職壓力感受之跨時穩定性，而其效果是令原壓力感受較低的母親於後期提升親職壓力感受。本研究將以親職壓力遭逢觀點等解釋以上母親親職任務遭逢歷程。

The sources of parenting stress in real life are complex, and the encounter of parenting stress is usually an ongoing experience. Regarding these, this research would investigate the experience with two strategies: (1) using “context of parenting”, defined as the joint effect of antecedents, children’s temperament and husband’s emotional support, to explore the context of parenting stress; (2) using three subtypes of “parenting rumination”: emotion-focused, functional and meaning-finding rumination, constructed from the idea of depressive rumination, to explore the encounter of parenting stress. There were three studies in this research. Study 1 aimed to operationally define the construct of “parenting rumination” with support from psychometrics analysis; study 2 aimed to investigate the predictability of the antecedents perceived by mothers to individual differences in parenting rumination through parenting stress, and finally, study 3 aimed to investigate the relation between parenting rumination and later parenting stress, especially how rumination predicted parenting stress and whether rumination moderated the stability of parenting stress. We utilize two-wave longitudinal design to look into the relation between antecedents, parenting rumination, and parenting stress. First wave data collection included primary caregivers’ parenting rumination, parenting stress (Abidin, 1992) perceived by mothers, children’s temperament (Rothbart et al., 2001) and emotional support from husband of social network interaction system (Lay & Liu, 1996) both reported by mothers. Only parenting stress was measured again 3 months later. There are 119 primary caregivers (child’s age: M = 48.48 ms., SD = 14 ms., 67 boys) in study 1. After data screening, there were 87 mothers (child’s age: M = 53.39 ms., SD = 12.69 ms., 48 boys) left in study 2 and 89 mothers (child’s age: M = 51.02 ms., SD = 14.11 ms., 45 boys) left in study 3. In Study 1, we constructed the instrument of parenting rumination with item analysis. The reliability and validity of the revised form were provided with Cronbach’s alpha and exploratory factor analysis, indicating the instrument is acceptable. There are three parts of study 2, and the first two parts explored how two kinds of antescendants—child’s temperament and emotional support from husband predicted mother’s parenting rumination and stress separately by hierarchical regression analysis. Results of part 1 of study 2 indicated that husband’s emotional support and child’s temperament had different effects on parenting rumination. Although child’s surgency had no main effect, the interaction effect of child’s surgency and husband’s emotional support could predict all 3 parenting rumination. Furthermore, results of part 2 of study 2 showed that child’s negative affectivity and effortful control could predict parent-child dysfunctional interaction and child’s difficulty of parenting stress. In results of part 3 of study 2, both moderated, and multiple mediator model and multiple mediator model analyses were performed. Results indicated that the interaction of child’s surgency and emotional support from husband could predict parenting rumination through parenting stress. Also, child’s negative affectivity could also explain meaning-finding rumination and emotion-focused rumination through the parenting stress. There were also two parts of study 3. In the first part of study 3, longitudinal predictive effects of three types of ruminations on parenting stress were examined simultaneously through hierarchical regression analysis. Results indicated the heterogeneous predictive effect of parenting rumination to stress: the predictive effect of meaning-finding and emotion-focused rumination were positive, while the predictive effect of functional rumination was negative. In the second part of study 3, hierarchical regression analysis was also performed to examine the interaction effects of parenting stress and rumination on later stress. Results showed that emotion-focused rumination and meaning-finding rumination could moderate the stability of parenting stress, indicating that mothers who were originally low on parenting stress would elevate only if they had a higher level of rumination. The result would be explained from the perspective of the encounter with parenting stress.