霧台魯凱族傳統永續農耕制度

Abstract

研究目的主要是調查霧台部落魯凱族傳統農耕系統發展脈絡，傳統農耕制度採取小米、花生、旱芋頭、水芋頭等混作栽培制度以適應多變化的環境及作物多樣性的保存，結合社會文化發展的脈絡，在經濟產業發展與文化保存下的重要價值。尤其傳統農耕知識在氣候變遷提部落供糧食安全、環境維護以及永續發展的適應的韌性。本研究不同以往相關部落研究，是以在地土生土長、長期參與殖民之後的傳統農業操作之在地角度，回顧從日本殖民、國民政府執政之相關政策，對魯凱族霧台部落傳統農業之影響與衝擊產生的變遷，省思傳統農業永續對部落於主流產業發展及氣候變遷下的重要價值。研究方法採取質性研究、參與研究分析、半結構性訪談、調查魯凱族霧台部落農人在整個時代脈絡中，對殖民、政府相關政策中，如何憑藉傳統知識在有限的可耕地面積進行傳統農業操作，保留傳統農業供自給自足之栽培方式，保存生物多樣性，以維持部落農業與文化之永續發展。 魯凱族霧台部落傳統農耕系統受限於土壤質地、土地耕作面積無法大量栽培，所以傳統生產不以賺取利潤為目的，而是以自給自足為目的而間接保留了更多樣性的傳統作物。傳統農耕系統的土地利用主要分為較熱區域（Labelabe）、冷熱緩衝地區（Kabilriceacelrake）濕冷區域（Drekai）土地以及水源較充沛的土地（Acyacilai）等四種類型。作物栽培考量不同作物在氣候、環境適應性以及生長空間相互作用達到最高有效的利用、避免產生各項生長需要的競爭、病蟲害抑制、人力需要投入安排、糧食安全需要以及文化需要等因素，進行不同作物混作栽培、間作栽培及輪耕栽培。依照作物環境的適應性旱芋頭混作栽培主要以濕冷區域，其次為冷熱緩衝區域，旱芋頭混作栽培作物主要是旱芋頭(upland taro/Taai)，其次是玉米(Maize/Lapnai)、臺灣藜(Formosa Lambsquarters/Baae)、樹豆(Pigeon Pea/Karidrange)、甘藷(Sweet potato/Urasi)、南瓜(Pumpkin/Gulrugulrane)、山藥(Common Yam/Tuba)等。小米混作栽培、花生混作栽培與甘藷單一栽培主要以較熱區域為主要栽培區，其次為冷熱緩衝區域，小米混作栽培作物主要是小米(Foxtail millet/Becenge)，其次是臺灣藜、玉米、高粱(Sorghum/Rumagai)、臺灣油芒(Formosa frost grass/Lalrumai)、樹豆、南瓜、米豆（Cowpea/Lepelepe）、甘薯等，花生混作栽培作物主要是花生(peanut/Makapairange)，其次是芝麻(sesame/Kulungu)、玉米、米豆、南瓜、樹豆、甘藷等，水芋頭混作栽培作物主要為水芋頭(Paddy taro/Drulrungu)，即次為檳榔(Areca/Sabiki)、荖葉(betel pepper/Drangaw)、甘蔗(sugar cane/Cubusu)、香蕉(Banana/Belebele)、芭蕉(plantain/lratha)、韭菜(Chives/Kucai)、珠蔥(Eschalot/Kucai)等，甘藷單一栽培作物主要為甘藷，次為臺灣藜。調查發現霧台部落保存了26種作物78個地方品系。品系栽培又依個人的喜好而有不同的選擇，若次年需要栽培不同作物品系時，則透過部落族人交換或贈與的方式取得，是魯凱族族人維持作物多樣性的主要依據。由於不同的作物品系，在魯凱族文化脈絡中有不同的用途與文化意義，所以保存作物多樣性的意義，對魯凱族傳統文化永續發展以及遺傳多樣性保存有其重要的價值。尤其，部落分享與作物的贈送維持部落自給自足的糧食安全，在氣候變化環境異常的困境中更顯的重要。

This study aims at investigating the developmental context of the traditional subsistence farming system of Wutai Rukai Tribe. The traditional farming system of the tribe employs a mixed cropping strategy to grow foxtail millet, peanut, upland taro, and paddy taro so as to adapt to the capricious environment and preserve crop diversity. This is associated with the tribe's social and cultural developmental context and is of important value in terms of economical and industrial development and culture preservation. In particular, given the current climate change, the traditional knowledge of adapting the agricultural practices to the environment provides an insight into sustainable development. The current study distinguishes itself from previous tribe studies in that it adopts a local viewpoint based on the indigenous traditional agricultural practices that underwent a long colonial period, to review changes due to impacts of governmental policies during Japanese colonization and rule of Republic of China (ROC) on the traditional agriculture in Wutai Rukai tribe, thus reconsidering the important value of sustainability of traditional agriculture for the tribe while mainstream industry develops and the climate changes. Regarding research methods, participant observation and semi-structured interviews were employed to survey how farmers in the Wutai Rukai tribe keep and practice subsistence farming methods in traditional agriculture on limited arable land throughout the ages based on their traditional knowledge of agricultural practices; and to survey how they preserve crop diversity to maintain a sustainable development of tribal agriculture and culture. The traditional agricultural system in the Wutai Rukai tribe is limited in its arable area and hence could not afford a massive cultivation. Therefore the traditional production is not profit-oriented but aims at subsistence, and so indirectly preserves a diversity of traditional crops. There are mainly four types of land use in the traditional agricultural system, namely that of warmer area, the buffer zone between cold and warm areas, cold and damp area, and area with abundant water supply. Crops are grown using mixed cropping, intercropping, and crop rotation methods, with factors such as different crops' adaptability to climate and environment, interaction of growing areas, efficiency of space utilization, deployment of manpower, and food security considered. According to crops' adaptability to the environment, upland taro mixed cropping takes place mainly in the cold and damp area and then in the buffer zone between cold and warm areas. Crops for upland taro mixed cropping primarily include upland taro, and, secondarily, maize, Formosa lambsquarters, pigeon pea, sweet potato, pumpkin, common yam, etc. Mixed cropping of foxtail millet and peanut as well as monocropping of sweet potato take place mainly in warmer area and then in the buffer zone between cold and warm areas. Crops for foxtail millet mixed cropping primarily include foxtail millet, and, secondarily, Formosa lambsquarters, maize, sorghum, Formosa frost grass, pigeon pea, pumpkin, cowpea, sweet potato, etc. Crops for peanut mixed cropping primarily include peanut, and, secondarily, sesame, maize, cowpea, pumpkin, pigeon pea, sweet potato, etc. Crops for paddy taro mixed cropping primarily include paddy taro, and secondarily, areca nut, betel pepper, sugarcane, banana, Chinese chive, shallot, etc. Crops for sweet potato monocropping primarily includes sweet potatio, and secondarily, Formosa lambsquarters. Results of the survey reveal that Wutai tribe preserves 78 local varieties of 26 crops. And cultivation of the varieties is based on individual choices and preferences. Through exchanging or giving, people in the tribe are able to grow different crop varieties in the next year when they need to, which is the major way the Rukai people maintain crop diversity. Because different crop varieties have different functions and cultural meanings in the Rukai cultural context, preserving crop diversity is particularly meaningful and of important value for a sustainable development of Rukai traditional culture and for preservation of genetic diversity. Sharing and giving of crops in the tribe in order to maintain subsistence and food security appears especially important in view of difficulties arising from climate change and environmental anomaly.