我國警界男女不平等問題探析-從性別工作平等法的角度出發

Abstract

本文旨在從性別工作平等法的角度探析我國警界男女不平等問題，並在具體事件中思索法的有效性以及合法性，批判現行法律運作的性別偏差。此時，法律及文化所涉及的議題，自然成為關鍵的因素，有必要將法理與實務問題做為切入的分析點。 憲法揭示人人無分男女、宗教、階級、職務、黨派，在法律上一律平等，然而無論自傳統觀念抑或社會現象，均顯示男女兩性並不平等，本文認為性平法的制定，對我國落實性別工作平等而言，有所助益，性別工作平等環境的建置，透過法律的規範可以更加速完成。但性平法目前僅涵蓋「消除生理特殊差異」之措施，並非優惠性差別待遇(或稱矯往措施)，是為一大缺憾。 本文嘗試釐清「性別工作平等」之概念及要件，而以性平法角度看我國警界男女不平等問題，必然也出現實務與法規之間的落差和問題，在探討這些問題前，本文先介紹女性警察的進用歷程、相關政策、制度文化與實際職業樣態，並以深度訪談的方式，去探討警界男女不平等的問題有哪些？並就這些不平等提出分析意見。 最後，本文的主題是以性平法的角度去看我國警界男女不平等的問題，藉由實務問題去反省現行性平法之規定有無不足之處，就如 Catherine A. Mackinnon所說的:「法律的改革不一定帶來社會的變遷，但法律的不改革就不可能帶來社會的變遷。」那麼，我們期待透過法律改革發揮什麼樣的社會變遷?該法施行後如何持續修法使之與時俱進?又還有哪些問題仍是有賴我們未來共同努力的?本文綜合法制面與執行面之情況，將提出性別工作平等法制及警政性別政策制度之反省與建議。

The purpose of this study was to examine the gender inequality in the Taiwan police force from the perspective of the Act of Gender Equality in Employment. This study also investigated gender bias in the execution of current laws by evaluating the effectiveness and legitimacy of laws in the context of specific events. Issues that involved both legal and cultural aspects were naturally the essential factors in such an investigation; thus, this study adopted relevant jurisprudential and practical problems as entry points of analysis. The constitution of Taiwan declares that all humans are equal before the law regardless of gender, religion, social class, or political affiliation. Nevertheless, the traditional mindset that ascribes unequal gender roles to men and women has entrenched a certain degree of inequality in society. This study contends that the enactment of gender equality laws is beneficial for promoting the establishment of workplace gender equality in Taiwan and that the establishment of gender equal workplaces can be accelerated through laws that normalize such equality. However, existing gender equality laws only forbid gender-based discrimination rather than actively promote equality—something affirmative action measures could accomplish. This study attempted to clarify aspects of the concept of gender equality. When examining the problem of gender inequality in the Taiwan police force from the perspective of gender equality law, it is evident that what is actually implemented can fail to accomplish what the legislature intended. However, before discussing this problem, this study first presented a review of the hiring process for female police officers, the relevant policies, systems, and culture, as well as the actual working conditions in the profession. Next, using the in-depth interview method, this study examined the gender inequality problem that exists in the Taiwan police force and then provided an analysis of this problem and suggestions for overcoming the problem. The main topic of this study was the gender inequality in the Taiwan police force, which was analyzed from the perspective of the Act of Gender Equality in Employment. Thorough analyses of problems concerning execution and implementation of the law were undertaken to highlight the deficiencies in the existing gender equality law. The scholar Catherine A. Mackinnon contended that “law reformation may not always lead to the occurrence of social changes, but social changes are definitely not going to happen when there is a lack of law reformation.” Motivated by this contention, this article addressed the following questions. What type of social changes can be expected to follow law reformation? How can laws be open to continual revision after implementation to enable them to meet the needs of changing times and conditions? What problems in this domain can be solved through collective efforts? This study provided analyses and suggestions concerning the current gender equality law regime and the police force’s gender policy system in light of the current legal system and means through which the law is implemented.