導入國際財務報導準則第9 號「金融工具」(IFRS 9) 對金融保險業債務工具投資之影響

Abstract

國際財務報導準則第9 號「金融工具」(IFRS 9)是2008年金融海嘯後，各界指謫原會計準則(IAS39)對金融工具潛藏損失之反應速度過慢，金額過低，歷經多年的討論協商後所發布之新公報，預計於2018年正式實施。 IFRS9主要規範三大議題，金融工具之分類及衡量、預期減損損失及避險會計，其中又以前兩大議題對國內金融機構之影響較深遠。鑑此，本文主要探討國內金融機構（銀行及保險）之債務工具投資為例，探討符合IFRS9精神之方法論及實務可行之建議步驟，並以數家國內銀行及保險公司初步自行試算之案例，分析若採用IFRS後，對財務報表中債務工具投資之分類趨勢變化及潛在財務影響。 在IFRS9較為嚴格債務工具投資的分類測試及預期損失評估規範下，前述試算分析結果顯示未來有更多的複雜型債務工具投資無法通過SPPI分類測試而必須由攤銷後成本法改以公允價值衡量；而通過測試得列入攤銷後成本者，亦需計提預期減損損失，此趨勢將促使金融機構重新檢討現行投資策略及風險管理政策，未來金融機構對複雜型高風險之債務工具投資將承受更多公允價值波動之壓力，不利其盈餘管理，故其操作將更審慎。預期在導入IFRS9後，國際金融創新將備受壓抑，進而間接達成金融監理機構期望之金融穩定，並有助財務資訊透明化。

Since the 2008 financial crisis, IAS39 has been widely criticized for not only being unable to promptly reflect the potential loss of the financial instruments but also underestimated the losses. Therefore, after years of discussion, the new standards regarding financial instruments – which is IFRS9, has been announced and is expected to be formally put into practice in 2018. IFRS9 mainly comprises three topics – classification and measurement of financial instruments, expected impairment loss and hedge accounting. As the first two topics have the most profound influence on Taiwan financial institutions, this article mainly focuses on the debt investments of Taiwan financial institutions (banks and insurances), studying the methodology of IFRS9 and the practically feasible implementation. Furthermore, this article also includes several scenario assumptions provided by Taiwan banks and insurance companies to analyze the potential financial impacts and the changing trends of classification of the debt investments in the financial statements once IFRS9 is implemented. As the standards regarding the SPPI test of classification and expected loss assessment under IFRS9 is relatively strict, the scenario assumptions mentioned above indicate that there will be more complex debt investments fail to pass the SPPI test in the future; hence, are requested to change from amortized cost method to fair value method. For those passed the test and classified as amortized cost method, they’re also requested to recognize the expected impairment loss. Such trend would gradually urge the financial institutions to review its current investment strategies and risk management policy. As the financial institutions are expecting to face larger pressure from the fluctuations in the fair value of complex and high-yield bonds causing it harder for them on earnings management, it could be reasonably anticipated that the financial institutions would pay more attentions and carefulness when dealing with such investments. As a conclusion, it’s expected that the implementation of IFRS9 might suppress the financial innovations in international financial markets; nevertheless, it also brings the financial stability and reduces the financial information opacity that the financial supervisory institution has always been looking for.