以功能性磁振造影探討景觀設計的腦區與心流體驗之關係

Abstract

創造力是一種以新穎且實用的方式來解決問題。在眾多創造中，景觀設計也為一運用創造力的過程，經由發想設計到最終對環境改善呈現，在這樣的設計中經歷創作的發想、精煉到實體表現，最後以在設計過程中的腦區，來解釋心流體驗對設計者的影響。而在心流體驗（Flow Experience）人們非常了解自己的行為，而不是意識本身，最終產生一個最優經驗。 本研究以功能性磁振造影測量腦區以及心流體驗量表(Engeser, 2008)測量心流的流暢度與沈浸度。不同於以往設計腦區功能性區位的討論方式，本研究加上神經網路的方式進行討論。主要分為五組腦區來討論景觀設計：空間辨識、語意傳遞、視覺辨識路徑、注意力神經網路以及核心腦區。 空間辨識包含兩側海馬旁腦迴，主要與空間記憶有關。語意傳遞則是以左下額葉腦迴的布洛卡區（Broca’s area）以及左顳葉顳上迴的韋尼克區（Wernicke’s area），兩個腦區中語意辨識及語意理解所延伸的訊息傳遞作為解釋。視覺辨識路徑則是走腹側視覺辨識路徑，功能為辨識與鑑定物體細節，以左枕葉上溝、左顳葉上溝與右中顳腦迴為結果腦區。注意力神經網路以腹側注意力網路，功能包含注意力轉換以及問題定位後在搜尋及發現新想法，以左內額側腦迴、左下額葉腦迴以及左顳葉顳上迴。核心腦區為右豆狀核，包含殼核以及蒼白球，與GABA神經激素、調節動作與各式的學習有關。在設計腦區與心流體驗的關係，發現核心腦區右豆狀核的活化強度與心流體驗流暢度呈現正相關。 本研究以神經網路的方式來討論景觀設計的腦區結果，並以腦區結果推論設計所帶來的愉悅感與右豆狀核相關。

Creativity is the ability to produce work that is both novel and appropriate (Sternberg, 1999). Flow is defined as the experience of merging action and awareness. A person in flow does not operate with a dualistic perspective: one is very aware of one’s actions, but not of the awareness itself (Csikszentmihalyi, 2014). This paper focused on two parts of flow, mainly fluency of performance and absorption by activity. Landscape design is one of process bound with creativity. The process includes targeting the problem, preparation, incubation, illumination and verification. What happens in the brain when people perform (landscape) design? Does the creative process make people feel happy? Our research focused on brain activation in landscape design and the mechanisms in which they work. We also tried to explain brain activation with neural network systems by categorizing the brain into five active groups: spatial and memory (bilateral parahippocampal gyrus), conveyance of semantic information (left inferior frontal gyrus and superior temporal gyrus), visual neural network (ventral visual network), attention neural network (ventral attention network) and basal nucleus (right lentiform nucleus). We found a correlation between active brain groups and fluency of performance in the right lentiform nucleus. The research attempts to show a new way of explaining the neural correlations with landscape design. Furthermore, the result can also inference flow in landscape design related to the right lentiform nucleus which the main function is movement regulation and various types of learning related to neurotransmitters (e.g. GABA).