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| DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
|---|---|---|
| dc.contributor.advisor | 童國倫(Kuo-Lun Tung) | |
| dc.contributor.author | Yu-Cheng Liu | en |
| dc.contributor.author | 劉育誠 | zh_TW |
| dc.date.accessioned | 2021-06-08T02:43:37Z | - |
| dc.date.copyright | 2020-11-12 | |
| dc.date.issued | 2020 | |
| dc.date.submitted | 2020-11-02 | |
| dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/20265 | - |
| dc.description.abstract | 在本篇論文研究中，我們建立並優化了以熱熔射技術來製備氫氧基磷灰石牙科植體的製程，並探討材料對於骨母細胞與骨細胞的相容性。首先，在火焰熔射實驗中，我們發現進料粉體的流動性極其重要，若流動性不好會造成加工不易與加工塗層品質不佳的問題。因此，我們建立了一套造粒技術，使自製粉體都可以達到熱熔射技術的規範。再者，利用仿地質技術，將水置入基材之後，在加工的過程中水蒸汽會破孔而出，造成如火山海島地形的多孔性表面。此結構經由研究發現，更有利於細胞貼附與增生，但由於火焰熔射技術的溫度較低，無法製造出無裂痕的多孔性表面，所以利用能量高的大氣電漿熔射技術來製備多孔性表面。經由電子顯微鏡的檢測後，發現 蒸氣誘導 大氣電漿熔射技術製備的樣品表面無明顯裂痕。為了最適化塗層加工條件，我們調控了不同工作距離、不同工作功率來進行樣品製備。除此之外，我們也利用不同孔徑大小的基材，以更深入了解製備出的蒸汽誘導造孔塗層的不同之處。 從實驗結果發現，不同孔徑大小的基材製備出的多孔性塗層，會隨著基材孔洞變大而變大， 但並不是線性上升。 而且，在體外細胞測試中，也不是越大孔洞的塗層就有最好的細胞增生與分化效果。經此研究得知了，大約 25微米孔洞之基材，會是大氣電漿熔射蒸汽誘導造孔塗層的最佳實驗條件。 不同的氫氧基磷灰石合成條件也是本篇的重點，包含調控溶液酸鹼度與鍛燒溫度。經由 XRD與 FTIR可以發現在調控酸鹼度在 pH = 10時會有最好的氫氧基磷灰石粉體純度，將此粉體利用大氣電漿熔射技術製備塗層來進行測試。此外，對氫氧基磷灰石進行了鍶、鎂與鋅的元素摻雜，並且測試不同濃度下對於細胞的對氫氧基磷灰石進行了鍶、鎂與鋅的元素摻雜，並且測試不同濃度下對於細胞的影響。在經過測試後發現，一定比例的鍶與鎂混摻影響。在經過測試後發現，一定比例的鍶與鎂混摻會有最佳的礦化條件。接著，會有最佳的礦化條件。接著，利用此比例，進行鍶、鎂與鋅的三元素摻雜，利用此比例，進行鍶、鎂與鋅的三元素摻雜，為了解決多孔性醫材不易消毒與感為了解決多孔性醫材不易消毒與感染之問題，鋅的摻雜是非常重要的。染之問題，鋅的摻雜是非常重要的。由結果發現，不論是單獨摻雜鋅元素或是三由結果發現，不論是單獨摻雜鋅元素或是三摻雜含鋅元素的氫氧基磷灰石塗層，都有著不錯的抗菌效果。最後將最適化的合摻雜含鋅元素的氫氧基磷灰石塗層，都有著不錯的抗菌效果。最後將最適化的合成比例利用蒸汽誘導造孔大氣電漿熔射技術，來製備多孔性牙科材料，來了解體成比例利用蒸汽誘導造孔大氣電漿熔射技術，來製備多孔性牙科材料，來了解體外測試的細胞活性與體內測試的礦化與癒合能力。外測試的細胞活性與體內測試的礦化與癒合能力。 | zh_TW |
| dc.description.abstract | In this study, to develop bioactive hydroxyapatite (HAp) coatings for dental and orthopedic applications by thermal spraying techniques, we analyzed the biocompatibility for osteoblasts and pre-osteoblasts. First, we discovered that flowability plays an important role in thermal spraying. If the flowability of the powder is poor, it will lead to a decrease in coating quality as well as coating processing by thermal spraying. Therefore, we established a granulation process with the advantage of improving the flowability of powder to meet the standard of thermal spraying. Furthermore, porous HAp coatings were produced by geomimetic thermal spraying. During melted HAp contacted the titanium (Ti) disc surface, the water behind the porous Ti disc was presently vaporized, and the expansive vapour ran through the flattened melted HAp, which caused the layered, disrupted splats to form a highly porous coating on top of Ti discs. The coating of porous HAp onto Ti disc not only enhanced cell attachment but also improved cell proliferation as well as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. These reactions were beneficial to increase the degree of integration between the implant surfaces and bone tissue. Because the traditional flame spraying was unable to provide sufficient power for the fabrication of porous surface coatings without cracks, atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) with a higher amount of energy was used to deposit porous HAp coatings on Ti discs in this study. The SEM images showed that the vapour-induced pore-forming atmospheric plasma spraying (VIPF-APS) technique did prevent surface cracking, which was a usual feature of conventional APS. Furthermore, we investigated the surface morphology of HAp coating under different operating parameters of APS to optimize the process. We also investigated the characteristic of HAp coatings through the VIPF-APS technique by applying Ti with different mean pore diameters. From our study, we discovered a positive non-linear relation between the mean pore diameter of HAp coating and Ti substrate. These porous coatings further contributed to higher osteoblast proliferation and distinctive alkaline phosphatase activity. As a result of in vitro experiments, porous HAp coating onto Ti substrate with the mean pore diameter to be 10 μm led to the best performance in both proliferation as well as ALP activity of osteoblasts, which also showed that larger pore did not necessarily mean better performance. Optimized conditions to synthesize HAp were also investigated elaborately including adjusting not only pH but also temperature. Higher purity was observed in XRD and FTIR as the condition to be pH = 10 under 800 ℃. Thus, the following samples were all prepared by using this parameter. Moreover, SrMg-HAp coatings were proven that they could not only promote cell and mineralization reactions but also prominently enhanced osseointegration and new bone formation in a beagle dog model on dental implants. HAp, SrMg-HAp, Zn-HAp, and ZnSrMg-HAp coatings were fabricated. Their antibacterial effects, proliferation and differentiation characteristics were further evaluated. The results showed that Zn ions are very important in order to reduce implant-associated and porous implant infections. Also, we investigated the antibacterial effects of Zn-HAp and ZnSrMg-HAp. They both show good performance, which showed Zn ions contribute to antibacterial ability without affecting cell proliferation. Finally, we applied VIPF-APS technique with the optimized operating condition to fabricate porous dental implants to further investigate not only in-vitro cell activity but also in-vivo mineralization and healing ability. | en |
| dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-08T02:43:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 U0001-2108202011325000.pdf: 8361648 bytes, checksum: 78407cb7819c8c613fd1c3be12812c3e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020 | en |
| dc.description.tableofcontents | Contents
Acknowledgements I 摘要 III Abstract V Contents VIII List of figures XIV List of tables XXII Chapter 1. Introduction 23 1-1. Objectives of The Research Project 24 1-2. Structure of Thesis 25 Chapter 2. Literature Review 28 2-1. The Dental Implant 29 2-1-1. Introduction of the Dental Implant 29 2-2. Hydroxyapatite (HAp) 30 2-2-1. Introduction to HAp 30 2-2-2. Preparation of HAp 34 2-2-3. The Effect of Dopant on HAp 35 2-3. The effect of porous structure on osteoblasts proliferation and differentiation 46 2-3-1. In Vitro - cell experiment and In Vivo - animal experiment 46 2-3-2. Microrough surface and porous structures 46 2-4. Preparation and Characterization of HAp Coatings by Thermal Spraying Techniques 51 2-4-1. Flame Spraying Deposition of HAp Coatings 51 2-4-2. Atmospheric Plasma Spraying Deposition of HAp Coatings 58 2-4-3. Properties of HAp Coatings by Thermal Spraying Techniques 61 2-4-4. Clinical Performance of HAp-Coating Implants 62 Chapter 3. Experimental Procedures and Equipments 68 3-1. Flame Spraying 68 3-2. Atmospheric Plasma Spraying 69 3-2-1. Spraying Procedure 69 3-2-2. DX100 MOTOMAN 71 3-2-3. Substrate Holder 72 3-3. Analysis of HAp Powder and HAp Coatings 74 3-3-1. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) 74 3-3-2. X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) 75 3-3-3. Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analyzer 75 3-3-4. Laser Scanning Microscope 76 3-3-5. Raman spectra 77 3-3-6. Elemental analysis 78 3-3-7. Sand-blasting Machine 79 3-3-8. Porosity Measurement 79 3-4. Osteoblast culture and test 80 3-4-1. MTT assay (cell proliferation assay) 80 3-4-2. Alkaline Phosphatase stain (ALP assay) 82 3-4-3. Confocal microscopy 83 Chapter 4. Synthesis and Characterization of Porous Hydroxyapatite Coatings Deposited on Titanium by Vapour-induced Pore-Forming Flame Spraying 85 4-1. Introduction 85 4-2. Experimental 87 4-2-1. HAp powder 87 4-2-2. HAp coatings of titanium discs using flame spraying and bond strength measurement 87 4-2-3. Statistical analysis 88 4-3. Results and Discussion 88 4-3-1. XRD analysis 88 4-3-2. SEM observation 96 4-3-3. In vitro biocompatibility 98 4-4. Conclusions 102 Chapter 5. Morphology, Topography and Cell Reaction of Hydroxyapatite Coatings on Porous Titanium Discs Using a Novel Vapour-Induced Pore-Forming Atmospheric Plasma Spraying 103 5-1. Introduction 103 5-2. Experimental 104 5-2-1. Preparation of porous HAp coatings on Ti discs using VIPF-APS technique 104 5-2-2. Statistical analysis 106 5-3. Results and Discussion 107 5-3-1. Surface characterization 107 5-3-2. XRD analysis 112 5-3-3. In vitro evaluation of cell reaction to HAp-coated Ti discs 113 5-4. Conclusions 116 Chapter 6. Characterization, In Vitro Bioactivity and Antibacterial Activity of Sr-, Mg- and Zn-Multidoped Hydroxyapatite Coatings by Vapour-Induced Pore-Forming Atmospheric Plasma Spraying 121 6-1. Introduction 121 6-2. Experimental 124 6-2-1. Preparation of HAp 124 6-2-2. HAp coatings of titanium discs using atmospheric plasma spraying 125 6-2-3. Materials characterization 126 6-2-4. Antibacterial assessment 126 6-3. Results and Discussion 128 6-3-1. Characterization of Zn/SrMg/ZnSrMg-HAp powder 128 6-3-2. Microstructures and characterization of HAp coatings 136 6-3-3. MTT assay and ALP activity 141 6-3-4. Antibacterial properties of Zn/ZnSrMg-HAp coatings 144 6-4. Conclusions 145 Chapter 7. Summary and Perspective 147 7-1. Summary 147 7-1-1. Vapour-Induced Pore-Forming Flame Spraying 147 7-1-2. Vapour-Induced Pore-Forming Atmospheric Plasma Spraying 147 7-1-3. Multi-Ions Doping on Hydroxyapatite 148 7-2. Perspectives 149 7-2-1. The Spraying Process 149 7-2-2. Further analysis and development of VIPF-APS 149 7-2-3. Computational study of hydroxyapatite structures and properties 150 7-2-4. Coating Design 150 Reference 152 List of figures Figure 2 1. Schematics and SEM images on zirconia surface by different modifications: machined [28], acid etched [29], grit blasted [28], ZLA [30], and multi-layered coatings [31-34]. 30 Figure 2 2. The sketch of crystal structure of hydroxyapatite [45]. 33 Figure 2 3. The effect of ionic product from control HAp and Sr-HAp on proliferation of MG-63 after culture for 1 day and 3 day. *The experimental group compared with the control group of HAp nanoparticles, *p < 0.05 [60]. 36 Figure 2 4. Confocal micrographs of vinculin expression in OPC1 cells on (a) Sr-HAp 38 Figure 2 5. Confocal micrographs of ALP expression in OPC1 cells cultured on (a) Sr-HAp coating after 10 days, (b) HAp coating after 10 days, (c) Sr-HAp coating a after 28 days and (d) HAp coating after 28 days. Antibody bound to ALP (Green), indicates PI bound to DNA (Red) [61]. 39 Figure 2 6. hFOBs 1.19 proliferation on HAp and Mg-HAp deposits formed in 5x SBF on TiN and (Ti, Mg)N thin films. p＜0.05 (n = 3) [53]. 40 Figure 2 7. Fluorescence micrographs of hFOBs 1.19 on HAp deposits on TiN (a), and Mg-HAp deposits on low (b) and high (c) Mg containing surfaces after 3 days. Some of the round shaped cells were shown with arrows [53]. 41 Figure 2 8. Light microscopy images of implants of reference group 0 after Masson–Goldner staining. (left) Sample number 0.4, 203 magnification, bone (blue) visibly surrounds the Ti implant (black) on the outside and penetrates into the pores of the implant. (right) [62] 43 Figure 2 9. SEM images of.(a), (b) commercial HAp powder, (c), (d) HAp agglomerated particles [80]. 48 Figure 2 10. SEM images of (a) unmolten and semi-molten particles (b) molten particle, (c) well-flattened splats (d) porous coating with flattened splats [80]. 49 Figure 2 11. Schematic diagram illustrating the plasma jet [13]. 49 Figure 2 12. SEM images showing the effect of adding flour weight fractions; 50 Figure 2 13. SEM observation of the samples after 7 days of culture, (a) as-sprayed samples, (b) collagen and NaOH-treated sample [83]. 51 Figure 2 14. Flame (powder) spraying process [TOPCOAT®]. 52 Figure 2 15. XRD patterns of commercial HAp coating prepared by flame spraying [84]. 53 Figure 2 16. SEM Cross-sectional morphology image of commercial HAp coating prepared by flame spraying (a) neutral flame (SD=10 cm), (b) carbon flame (SD=10 cm), (c) neutral flame (SD=20 cm), (d) carbon flame (SD=20 cm) [84]. 54 Figure 2 17. LDH cytotoxicity test [84]. 55 Figure 2 18. (A) Conventional hydroxyapatite coating implant. (B) Silver-containing 56 Figure 2 19. Bar charts showing Harris Hip Score before operation, 3 and 6 months, and 1 year after operation. Range of motion and absence of deformity (ROM). * P < .05, ** P < .05 [85]. 58 Figure 2 20. Bacterial disk diffusion test of ZnSiAg-HAp coatings by APS showing zones of inhibition in both E. coli and S. aureus cultures compared to HAp coatings by APS [86]. 60 Figure 2 21. (A) Optical microscopy images showing osteoid formation using modified Masson-Goldner trichrome staining after 5 and 10 weeks. (B) Total osteoid formation in % around implant comparing composition and timepoints. (C) Total bone formation in % around implant comparing composition and timepoints [86]. 60 Figure 2 22. (A-D) Induction of bone formation within a concavity of a granular/particulate coral-derived hydroxyapatite construct 90 days after implantation in the rectus abdominis muscle of Papio ursinus. (E) the concavities preferentially adsorb plasma and plasma products during the implantation procedure [97]. 64 Figure 2 23. Regions of interests (ROI 1-5) for the measurements of the bone-to-implant contact (BIC) [98]. 66 Figure 2 24. Showing the histological outcome after (a) 2 days, (b) 7 days, and (c) 6 months of healing for all three groups [98]. 67 Figure 3 1. Thermal spray coating applications. 68 Figure 3 2. Powder Feeder (1264i) 70 Figure 3 3. Plasma Spray Gun (SG-100) 70 Figure 3 4. Robotic Arm and the Spraying Gun 70 Figure 3 5. DX100 Front View 71 Figure 3 6. Programming Pendant Overview 72 Figure 3 7. Sample Holder 73 Figure 3 8. Field-emission scanning electron microscope. 74 Figure 3 9. X-ray Diffractometer. 75 Figure 3 10. Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analyzer 76 Figure 3 11. Laser Scanning Microscope. 77 Figure 3 12. Raman spectroscopy. 78 Figure 3 13. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. 78 Figure 3 14. Sand Blasting Machine. 79 Figure 3 15. PMI Capillary Flow Porometer 80 Figure 3 16. Confocal microscopy 83 Figure 4 1. Schematic of the thermal spraying process. 88 Figure 4 2. XRD patterns of synthesized HAp at pH = 5 and treated at different temperatures. 90 Figure 4 3. XRD patterns of synthesized HAp at pH = 10 and treated at different temperatures. 91 Figure 4 4. XRD diffraction pattern of (a) JCPDS 09-0432, (b) Metco-Plasma Technik HAp, (c) synthesized HAp. 94 Figure 4 5. XRD patterns of HAp-coated samples: traditional coating (D) by (a) single, (b) two, (c) three thermal sprays; VIPF-FS coating (W) by (d) single, (e) two, (f) three thermal sprays. 95 Figure 4 6. SEM images of (a) HAp powder, (b) HAp+PVA powder, (c) HAp layer by traditional coating (top view), (d) HAp layer by traditional coating (cross-sectional view), (e) HAp layer by VIPF-FS coating (top view), (f) HAp layer by VIPF-FS coating (cross-sectional view). 97 Figure 4 7. Measured bond strength of flame spray-deposited HAp-coated samples. 98 Figure 4 8. HEPM cell proliferation on the traditional spray and VIPF-FS coating on day 3, day 7, and day 11 (n=4, *p < 0.05). 100 Figure 4 9. Alkaline phosphatase activity of HEPM cells on the traditional spray and VIPF-FS coating on day 3, day 7, and day 11 (n=4, *p< 0.05). 101 Figure 4 10. Immunofluorescence staining of HEPM cells on the traditional spray coating and VIPF-FS coating. 101 Figure 5 1. Schematic illustration of the VIPF-APS. 106 Figure 5 2. SEM morphology images of (a) ATi, (b) BTi, (c) CTi before sandblast and sandblasted (d) ATi, (e) BTi, (f) CTi. 108 Figure 5 3. SEM morphology images of (ab) HAp-APS/ATi, (cd) HAp-ATi, (ef) HAp-BTi, and (gh) HAp-CTi. Arrows (→) indicate cracks. 109 Figure 5 4. SEM cross-section images of the cross-sectional view of (a) HAp-APS/ATi, (b) HAp-ATi, (c) HAp-BTi, and (d) HAp-CTi. Arrows (→) indicate pores. 110 Figure 5 5. Profilometer patterns of (a) HAp-APS/ATi, (b) HAp-ATi, (c) HAp-BTi, (d) HAp-CTi. 111 Figure 5 6. XRD patterns of HAp-coated samples. 113 Figure 5 7. Cell proliferation of hFOBs on HAp-coated samples after 3, 7, and 11 days of culture. *p < 0.05 (n = 4). 115 Figure 5 8. Alkaline phosphatase activity of hFOBs on HAp-coated samples after 3, 7, and 11 days of culture. *p < 0.05 (n = 4). 115 Figure 5 9. Confocal micrographs of hFOB cells cultured on HAp-coated samples after 3, 7, and 11 days of culture. 116 Figure 5 10. Adhesion of hFOBs 1.19 on the surface of HAp-Ti. 3 days after seeding onto the surface of discs from each tested material, cells were observed by SEM at 5 kV and different magnifications, as indicated by the scale on each panel: (a) HAp-APS/ATi, (b) HAp-ATi, (c) HAp-BTi and (c) HAp-CTi. 119 Figure 5 11. Adhesion of hFOBs 1.19 on the surface of HAp-Ti. 7 days after seeding onto the surface of discs from each tested material, cells were observed by SEM at 5 kV and different magnifications, as indicated by the scale on each panel: (a) HAp-APS/ATi, (b) HAp-ATi, (c) HAp-BTi and (c) HAp-CTi. 119 Figure 5 12. Adhesion of hFOBs 1.19 on the surface of HAp-Ti. 11 days after seeding onto the surface of discs from each tested material, cells were observed by SEM at 5 kV and different magnifications, as indicated by the scale on each panel: (a) HAp-APS/ATi, (b) HAp-ATi, (c) HAp-BTi and (c) HAp-CTi. 120 Figure 6 1. XRD patterns of HAp powder synthesized at pH=4,6,8, 10 and treated at different temperatures: (a) room temperature, (b) 200 °C, (c) 400 °C, (d) 600 °C, (e) 800 °C, (f) 1000 °C. 130 Figure 6 2. FTIR spectra for HAp powder synthesized at pH=4,6,8, 10 and treated at different temperatures: (a) room temperature, (b) 200 °C, (c) 400 °C, (d) 600 °C, (e) 800 °C, (f) 1000 °C. 132 Figure 6 3. FTIR spectra for HAp, Zn-HAp, SrMg-HAp and ZnSrMg-HAp powder. 134 Figure 6 4. XRD patterns of HAp, Zn-HAp, SrMg-HAp and ZnSrMg-HAp powder. 134 Figure 6 5. SEM images of HAp coatings by different parameters APS: (a) 350A, (b) 400A, (c) 450A by traditional APS (work distance=10 cm); (d) 350A, (e)400A, (f) 450A by VIPF-APS (work distance=10 cm); (g) 350A, (h) 400A, (i) 450A by traditional APS (work distance=15 cm); (j)350A, (k) 400A, (l) 450A by VIPF-APS (work distance=15 cm). 138 Figure 6 6. XRD patterns of HAp coatings by different parameters APS. (D= traditional APS, W= VIPF-APS; 10 and 15 = work distance (cm); 350, 400 and 450 = working current (A)) 139 Figure 6 7. Snapshots of the water droplets during the dynamic contact angle test for HAp coatings. 142 Figure 6 8. Optical density measurements of hFOB proliferation on HAp-, Zn-HAp-, SrMg-HAp-, ZnSrMg-HAp-coated Ti after 3, 7, and 11 days of culture. (n = 4). 143 Figure 6 9. ALP activity of hFOBs on HAp-, Zn-HAp-, SrMg-HAp-, ZnSrMg-HAp-coated Ti after 3, 7, and 11 days of culture. (n = 4). 143 Figure 6 10. Antibacterial effect of HAp, Zn-HAp and ZnSrMg-HAp coatings (**p < .01). 145 Figure 7 1 pH dependence of Ca2+ concentration in the aqueous solution saturated 150 List of tables Table 2 1. Some calcium phosphate compound [42-44]. 32 Table 2 2. Overview of implant sample groups [62] 42 Table 2 3. Demographic descriptions of the patient cohort [81] 57 Table 2 4. The data set for all the three groups [94]. 66 Table 4 1. Crystal size and crystallinity of Sr-HA reflected synthesized HAp and commercial HAp. by XRD pattern 92 Table 4 2. Diffraction peak comparison between the traditional coating (D) and VIPF-FS coating (W). The numbers refer to the number of spraying cycles. 95 Table 5 1. Operation parameters of APS. 106 Table 5 2. Analytical results of the capillary flow porometer and laser scanner tests. 112 Table 6 1 APS operation parameters 125 Table 6 2. Quantitative phase analysis of synthesized HAp powder from XRD Rietveld refinement. 131 Table 6 3. Quantitative phase analysis and crystallinity degree of synthesized x-HAp powder from XRD Rietveld refinement and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer. 135 Table 6 4. Quantitative phase analysis and crystallinity degree of HAp coatings from XRD Rietveld refinement. 140 | |
| dc.language.iso | en | |
| dc.title | 利用大氣電漿熔射蒸汽造孔技術製備氫氧基磷灰石塗層之製程開發與牙科應用 | zh_TW |
| dc.title | Hydroxyapatite Coatings by Vapour-Induced Pore-Forming Atmospheric Plasma Spraying: Process Development and Dental Applications | en |
| dc.type | Thesis | |
| dc.date.schoolyear | 109-1 | |
| dc.description.degree | 博士 | |
| dc.contributor.author-orcid | 0000-0001-7174-1146 | |
| dc.contributor.coadvisor | 李伯訓(Bor-Shiunn Lee) | |
| dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 吳嘉文(Chia-Wen Wu),楊永欽(Yung-Chin Yang),陳漪紋 (Yi-Wen Chen) | |
| dc.subject.keyword | 氫氧基磷灰石,大氣電漿熔射,牙科應用, | zh_TW |
| dc.subject.keyword | Hydroxyapatite,Atmospheric Plasma Spraying,Dental Applications, | en |
| dc.relation.page | 178 | |
| dc.identifier.doi | 10.6342/NTU202004156 | |
| dc.rights.note | 未授權 | |
| dc.date.accepted | 2020-11-03 | |
| dc.contributor.author-college | 工學院 | zh_TW |
| dc.contributor.author-dept | 化學工程學研究所 | zh_TW |
| 顯示於系所單位： | 化學工程學系 | |
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