從賢妻良母到執銃敢鬥：戰爭期臺灣女性軍事訓練之研究（1937-1945）

Abstract

女性向來扮演著賢妻良母的角色。女性在日治時期非徵兵對象，但日本政府卻在日本本土與臺灣實施女性的軍事訓練，本研究欲探其政策之原因、內容與實施狀況。本研究以歷史研究法為主，訪談為輔，蒐集史料並分析前因後果，客觀地解釋史料。本研究時間訂為1937-1945的戰爭時期，探究戰爭中女性與國家的關係，釐清臺灣女性軍事訓練的意義，並了解戰爭時期臺灣女性各種處境與女性在社會上可以發揮的空間。 日治時期女性的動員政策可分成三種，一是政府強調女性當母親的特質，二是女性要做防空演習，三是女性有軍事訓練。女性軍事訓練包含「軍事教練」與「武道」兩部分，實施對象有學生與一般婦女。 政策制定的原因在於日本素有「國民皆兵」理念，國民注重健康才能隨時面對戰爭。因此在戰爭時期，日本政府注重國民心身的鍛鍊與推行女性軍事訓練。女性軍事訓練有射擊、行軍、合宿、武術（薙刀、弓道、劍道）、木銃、銃劍術、馬術、竹槍。日本政府期盼女性藉由軍事訓練鍛鍊身心與體能，孕育健康的子女，也希望女性能由此增加軍事知識。由於日本的戰況趨劣，女性學習基本的軍事也能夠做鄉土防衛。最後，政府也希望女性也藉由軍事訓練以激發對士兵的感謝。對女性來說，無論是增強體能或是鄉土防衛，女性的身體終究是聽命於國家。 女性也因為軍事訓練，形象也有了轉變。女性武勇形象表現在女性對兵器的熟悉、愛國的熱情，以及勇敢的展現。但女性就算有了武勇的形象，卻也並未失去原本賢妻良母的原本職責，兩者並未衝突。日本政府藉著在報章雜誌刊登關於女性的軍事訓練報導，企圖藉此影響男性視聽，增加男性的報國意願。女性在軍事訓練的過程中，也獲得自我反思的契機，對軍國主義教育有了思考與反省。

Abstract The role of women has traditionally been that of a good wife and a loving mother. While females were not generally conscripted, women in Japan and Taiwan sometimes received military training from programs implemented by the government. Following an historical approach, this study explores the factors, contents, effects, and causal links of such policy. This study also endeavors to ensure the objective interpretations of historical facts through collection of oral histories. The time period of this study covers the entire war-time era from 1937 to 1945, so as to investigate the relationship between females and the nation during wartime, clarifying the meaning of military training for Taiwanese women and understanding the various situations and potentials of Taiwanese females. The policy of mobilizing females during Japanese rule could be delineated into three dimensions. First, the emphasis of female’s role as a mother; second, their participation in air defense drills; and third, receipt of military training. Female military training in this case included “basic military training” and “budō,” particularly the use of naginata, kyudō, and kendō. Students and women in general were both included in the programs. The rationale of this policy for female participation in military training is derived from the concept of “the nation in arms” from Japan. According to this idea, citizens must maintain health-consciousness in order to be prepared to readily face any contingency during wartime. Therefore, during wars, the Japanese government implemented the policies of “national mental and physical exercises” and “female military training.” The female military training included shooting, marching, room sharing, budō, spears, the crafting of bamboo spears and spear fencing, and equestrianism. The Japanese government expected that through such military training, women could not only build a strong physique in order to maintain mental health and raise healthy children but also enhance their military knowledge. As the battlefield situation had gotten worse, females receiving military training would also serve to bolster domestic defenses as well. Eventually, through the training, the government also expected that females should rouse gratitude towards the soldiers. No matter training for own personal health or domestic defense, the females were dominated by the government. Military training also reshaped women’s role and image. The familiarity of weapons, patriotic and fearless acts exemplified the bravery of women. However, such images were not incompatible with their roles of being a good wife and loving mother. The Japanese government utilized the news of female training to serve as an element of propaganda in order to inspire males’ jingoism. The military training granted females chances of introspection toward themselves and a re-examination of the education of militarism. Keywords：a good wife and a loving mother, wartime, basic military training, budō, the nation in arms, domestic defense