台灣不同飼養型態養豬場之經濟分析

Abstract

台灣位置於亞熱帶高溫多溼，土地狹小豬場密度高，豬場內豬隻飼養密度高，豬場的飼養模式和豬病的交叉感染等因素，造成養豬產業的嚴重損失和經營效率不佳。豬場的飼養模式以一貫場的比率最高，政府長期將一貫場列為輔導經營的主要豬場，但生產效率不佳且無法將疾病根除，使台灣養豬產業處於全球競爭的弱勢，為尋找台灣養豬業之經營方式，本研究將利用問卷調查及實地訪查及數量分析方式，以探討台灣養豬產業最有效率的經營策略。本研究的結果如下：肉豬育成率一貫場為81.57%、肉豬場是90.91%、契約肉豬場為93.74%。在利潤上一貫場100公斤肉豬為71.77元，肉豬場為338.91元，契約肉豬場為237.80元。契約肉豬場和肉豬場利潤相差100.11元。契約肉豬場飼料較肉豬場高378.1元, 因契約飼料費較高，肉豬售價以契約肉豬場為最高，高出肉豬場221.2元，兩者利潤應相差156.9元，但契約場生產效率改善,利潤增加55.79元，契約場較肉豬場增加的效益為277元，而肉豬場又較一貫場增加的效益為628.1元。另外，養豬場在購買小豬時，以購入重量為16-20公斤的小豬利潤最低。 豬場的規模在一貫場以4,000-5,000頭為最適規模，一貫場1,000頭以下規模的豬場利潤最少，因此許多小規模一貫場紛紛轉為肉豬場和契約肉豬場。現在契約肉豬場業者有77.1%曾飼養過一貫場。肉豬場以1,000-2,000頭為最適規模，契約肉豬場以2,000-3,000頭為最適規模。批次生產在一貫場平均能增加利潤但以規模2,000-3,000頭效果最好，4,000-5,000頭以上規模的豬場批次生產效果不顯著。台灣養豬產業異地飼養、批次管理飼養是未來發展的方向。

Small farm size, high feeding density, and the distances among farms are the typical hog farming environment in Taiwan, which usually results in cross infection, high mortality rate, and big financial loss when pig disease outbreaks. Due to the government promotion, farrow-to-finish farms are the major production style in Taiwan. The environment and disease problem, however, hinder the improvement of Taiwan’s pig farming efficiency. The purpose of the study is to discover a better way of pig farming of Taiwan. A survey is conducted by the study to collect the primary data of Taiwan pig production. Quantitative method is applied in the research to investigate the hog farming strategy in Taiwan. Our findings suggest that: the marketed survival rates (profits) for farrow-to-finish farms, wearing-to-finish farms and contractual farms are 81.57% (71.77NTD/100kg), 90.91% (388.91NTD/100kg) and 93.74% (237.8NTS/100kg), respectively. Furthermore, hog farmers should avoid buying 16-20kg piglets because it generates the lowest profit when the pigs are sold. According to our sample data, the farrow-to-finish farms with 4,000-5,000 pigs have the highest profit. The farrow-to-finish farms with size less them 1000 pigs, on the other hand, have the lowest profit. About 77.1% of contractual production farms used to be the farrow-to-finish farms. The optimal sizes of the weaning-to-finish farms and contractual farms are 1,000-2,000 and 2,000-3,000 pigs, respectively. Batch production can generate more profit in the farrow-to-finish farms, especially in the size 2,000-3,000 pigs. In conclusion, the efficiency of Taiwan’s hog farms will be improved if batches production and multiple site production can be applied in the industry.