女性婚姻移民在台灣—以宜蘭縣南方澳漁村為例

Abstract

本篇論文欲處理兩個層次的問題。第一、我詳細勾勒宜蘭縣南方澳漁村女性婚姻移民在當地被視為弱勢「他者」的不平等狀態；第二、我將解釋以族群文化歧視為主軸，如何啟動這些族裔在其他面向上諸如經濟活動與社會關係的弱勢處境。在經濟面：不管公部門政策或民間部門都將她們視為次等公民，藉由某些制度如：學歷認證、只聘用取得身份證之人來限制她們獲取工作的機會；抑或相反，只聘尚無身份證之人以逃逸勞基法對勞動條件的相關規範。在社會面：傳統漁村社會仍崇尚父權邏輯下的家庭關係，女性婚姻移民因其族裔身份而被視為得以維持甚至鞏固這股保守勢力的主要（被剝削）角色，被嚴格控管的人身自由導致她們資訊獲取之管道相對封閉，而進一步加深被監控的強度。在社區鄰里關係上，無暇累積當地的社會資本、加上感受到鄰人不友善的監督與窺伺，使她們被動或主動的放棄經營鄰里關係；而大陸籍女性配偶則因台灣國族政治之因素，讓她們被當地福佬人視為可能危及國家安全的、具有威脅性的群體，更對她們形成自身的社會網絡或組成代表自身權益的政黨抱持強烈反對的態度。

This article examines the unequal status of female marriage immigrants in Nanfangao, Yilan, who are treated as vulnerable “others” in social relations and economic activities. I explain how ethnic discrimination leads to the vulnerable situation in different dimensions, such as economic activities and social relationship. In economic activities, these immigrants were treated like second-class citizens. The denial of their education certificates and receiving Taiwan’s National Identification cards exemplify institutional methods to limits their citizenship rights, such as equal employment opportunities. On the other hand, hiring immigrants who have no legal working permission became a way to avoid the administrative supervision of Labor Standards Act. Socially, people in traditional fishing villages have been paternalistic and thus female marriage immigrants are not only exploited by her husband’s family but by so doing also reinforce the conventional power. Husbands’ strict control over their personal freedom limited their information resource, which in turn worsen their being monitored and controlled. Feeling unfriendly watched by their neighbors and too busy to accumulate their social capital prevent them from cultivating relationship with their neighbors. Moreover, immigrants from China were regarded as threatening groups by local Taiwanese due to nationalistic politics. These Taiwanese people strongly reject the formation of immigrants’ social network and the party which represent immigrants’ own interests.