後豬瘟時代上海祥欣生豬種源業務發展戰略研究

Abstract

中國是豬肉生產和消費大國，年出欄生豬近7億頭，豬肉消耗量超5000萬噸，約占全球的一半。但中國的生豬生產大而不強，小規模分散養殖佔據了80%的市場份額，行業產業化、規模化、現代化程度不高，全行業抗風險能力相對較弱。2018年以來的“非洲豬瘟”疫情，疊加“豬週期”，加上前期國家產業政策調整，多重壓力之下，中國生豬產業陷入低谷，養殖戶生產意願下降，生豬存欄量大幅減少，出現嚴重的供需不平衡，市場豬肉價格高漲，威脅“市民菜籃子”。2019年年底以來，加快恢復生豬生產，做到保供穩價成為經濟工作重點。在一系列組合拳後，生豬生產突破2020年農曆新年發生的“新冠肺炎疫情”，逐漸得到恢復。 應該說，大起大落的行情絕不是行業健康的標準。根據查爾斯．韓第（Charles Handy）“第二曲線”理論，應該為產業找到下一個生長動能，幫助產業健康發展。因此，有必要對中國生豬產業進行全面梳理。本文通過調查研究、比較分析、歸納演繹等方法，對中國生豬市場和行業發展重點——種豬生產的現狀進行研究，並以種豬行業的領頭羊——首批國家生豬核心育種場、首批國家動物疫病淨化場、首批國家級種公豬站、上海種豬工程技術研究中心、NSR組織全球重要成員——上海祥欣畜禽有限公司（以下簡稱“祥欣公司”）為例進行重點分析和闡述。 從祥欣公司種豬產業的外部環境來看，與其他各行各業的發展經歷一樣，我國的生豬產業經歷了一個快速變化發展的階段：從四十年前中小散養規模（年上市10頭）、市場占比90%以上、良種比例不足5%的家庭副業的產業模式，向規模化、專業化和良種高效化的現代化產業方式發展。作為這個產業發展的先驅者、領頭羊，祥欣公司的發展與行業的發展緊密相連，祥欣公司取得的一系列發展成就，與其深刻地理解了行業發展的環境，把握住了行業發展脈搏分不開，甚至可以說，祥欣公司今天的成功就是其戰略選擇的成功。 首先是企業的戰略定位。祥欣公司從最初的農業副食品生產（家禽、肉豬代養），到後來的專業化肉豬生產，再到現在的種豬擴繁生產，這是一條技術含量、生產管理門檻不斷提高的發展之路。這背後是祥欣公司掌舵人身處中國改革開放和行業蓬勃發展浪潮中所具備的敏銳的洞察力、勇於面對激烈競爭的魄力、敢於嘗試新生事物的創新力等企業家精神的體現。 其次是企業發展的節奏要充分考慮國家社會發展水平、人民物質生活水平、行業配套服務成熟度等外部因素，也要考慮到企業的資金實力、團隊管理能力、市場開發手段等內在因素。縱觀改革開放以來各行各業向西方現代企業學習的過程，只有那些自身條件和外部環境相協調的企業才得到了穩步的發展，而那些魯莽的全盤拿來主義的企業和那些固步自封不思進取的企業一樣，都消失在社會發展的浪潮中。 再次，企業文化也是始終引領企業正確發展的重要一環。祥欣公司從開始養豬起，就喊出了“善以待豬、寬以待人”的響亮口號，並逐漸發展成為祥欣公司的企業文化核心。“寬以待人”自不必說，“善以待豬”需要稍作解釋，是指幹一行要愛一行（當時養豬行業還飽受人們的偏見），要以科學的方式對待豬（要考慮到給豬吃得好、住得好、不得病），樹立豬是企業的利潤來源，“不是我養豬，而是豬養我”的員工思想。在祥欣公司發展到專業化種豬育種公司、參與國家級競爭階段時，公司又提出了“實專精恒”——以工匠精神育種的新文化塑造追求。正是在這一企業文化的打造下，祥欣公司一躍成為國內頂尖的專業化種豬育種公司，收穫了有口皆碑的市場和紛至遝來的榮譽。 成績屬過去。企業要想利於不敗之地，就需要根據時代的發展不斷校正自己的戰略定位。在危、機並存的“後豬瘟時代”，本文將對產業的整體環境和祥欣公司的內部環境進行具體分析，通過危險、機遇、優勢、劣勢的優化和重組，構建起新的企業發展戰略。

China is the biggest country in the aspect of pork production and consumption, with producing nearly 700 million pigs, consuming exceeds 50 million tons pork, accounting for about half of the world market. However China is not a strong production of live pigs nation, for small-scale decentralized breeding occupies 80% market share, the degree of the pig industry's large-scale and modernization and industrialization is not high, the risk resisance ability of the whole industry is relatively weak. Since the year of 2018, African swine fever outbreak, superposition of pig cycle , coupled with the early stage of the national industrial policy adjustment, under the multiple pressure, China's pig industry downturn, farmers production was waning, dropped sharply pig breeding stock, a serious imbalance between supply and demand, market pork prices, threatening citizens basket. Since the end of 2019, speeding up the recovery of pig production and ensuring price stability has become a priority of economic work. After a series of combined punches, pig production broke through the “new crown pneumonia epidemic” that occurred in the Lunar New Year in 2020 and gradually recovered. It should be said that the ups and downs of the market are by no means the industry's standard of health. According to the 'second curve' theory of Charles Handy ,we should find the next growth momentum for the industry and help it develop healthily. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive review of the Chinese pig industry. This paper studies the current situation of China ’s hog market and breeding pig industry through investigations, comparative analysis, and inductive deduction, and uses the first batch of national pig core breeding farms, the first batch of national animal disease purification plants, and the first batch The national breeding boar station, Shanghai breeding pig engineering technology research center, and the important member of the NSR organization, Shanghai Xiangxin Livestock and Poultry Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as 'Xiangxin Company') as the example for key analysis and explanation. Judging from the external environment of the breeding pig industry of Xiangxin Company, like the development experience of other industries, China's pig industry has experienced a period of rapid change and development: from the industrial mode of household sideline industries forty years ago with small and medium-scale free-range scale (10 listed annually) and a market share of more than 90% and a good variety ratio of less than 5% has developed into a modernized industrial method of scale, specialization, and efficient variety improvement. As a pioneer and leader in the development of this industry, the development of Xiangxin Company is closely connected with the development of the industry. A series of development achievements made by Xiangxin Company refer to the deep understanding of the environment of the industry development and the exact grasp of the pulse of the industry development. It can even be said that Xiangxin's success today is the success of its strategic choices. The first choice is the strategic positioning of the enterprise. From the initial agricultural non-staple food production (poultry and pig breeding), to the professional production of pigs later, to the current status of breeding pigs, it is a road of the development with increasing technical content and production management threshold. Behind this is the manifestation of entrepreneurial spirit in the tide of China's reform and opening up such as the keen insight , the courage to face fierce competition, and the courage to try new things. Secondly, the pace of enterprise development must fully consider external factors such as the level of social development, the standard of the people's living and the maturity of supporting services in the industry, as well as internal factors such as the company's financial strength, team management capabilities, and market development methods. Throughout the process of learning from modern Western companies in all walks of life since the reform and opening up, only those companies that have mastered their own conditions and the external environment have steadily developed. Those reckless all-takenisms as well as which are conservative have disappeared from the tide of rapid development of society. Thirdly, corporate culture is also an important part of leading the correct development of the company. From the beginning of raising pigs, Xiangxin Company has shouted the loud slogan of 'Be good to pigs and be generous to others', and gradually became the core of Xiangxin's corporate culture. It is needless to say 'Be generous to others', only the 'Be good to pigs ' needs a little explanation. It means employees love their work (at the time, the pig industry was still prejudiced by people), the pigs should be treated scientifically( make sure the pigs fed well, live well, and not be sick), and to establish the employees thought of 'Not I raise pigs, but pigs raise me'. When Xiangxin company developed into a specialized breeding pig company and participated in the national competition stage, the company also proposed 'practice expertise proficient and constant'-a new culture shaping pursuit with the spirit of craftsmanship. It is under the building of this corporate culture that Xiangxin Company has become a top domestic professional pig breeding company, and has gained a well-known market and a lot of honors. Results belong to the past. If an enterprise wants to be invincible, it needs to constantly adjust its strategic positioning according to the development of the times. In the 'post-swine fever era' where risks and opportunities coexist, this article will specifically analyze the overall environment of the industry and the internal environment of the company, and build a new corporate development strategy through the optimization and reorganization of dangers, opportunities, advantages, and disadvantages.