請用此 Handle URI 來引用此文件:
http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/jspui/handle/123456789/1155
完整後設資料紀錄
DC 欄位 | 值 | 語言 |
---|---|---|
dc.contributor.advisor | 張寶棣 | |
dc.contributor.author | Tzu-An Sheng | en |
dc.contributor.author | 盛子安 | zh_TW |
dc.date.accessioned | 2021-05-12T09:33:28Z | - |
dc.date.available | 2018-08-01 | |
dc.date.available | 2021-05-12T09:33:28Z | - |
dc.date.copyright | 2018-08-01 | |
dc.date.issued | 2018 | |
dc.date.submitted | 2018-07-30 | |
dc.identifier.citation | [1] M. Huschle et al. “Measurement of the branching ratio of B ̄ → D (∗) τ − ν ̄ relative to B ̄ → D (∗) l − ν l ̄ decays with hadronic tagging at Belle”. In: Phys. Rev. D92.7 (2015), p. 072014. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.92.072014. arXiv: 1507.03233 [hep-ex].
[2] R. Aaij et al. “Test of Lepton Universality Using B + → K + l + l − Decays”. In: Phys. Rev. Lett. 113 (15 Oct. 2014), p. 151601. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett. 113.151601. URL: https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett. 113.151601. [3] R. Aaij et al. “Test of lepton universality with B 0 → K ∗0 l + l − decays”. In: JHEP 08 (2017), p. 055. DOI: 10.1007/JHEP08(2017)055. arXiv: 1705. 05802 [hep-ex]. [4] Sebastien Descotes-Genon et al. “Optimizing the basis of B → K ∗ ll observables in the full kinematic range”. In: JHEP 05 (2013), p. 137. DOI: 10. 1007/JHEP05(2013)137. arXiv: 1303.5794 [hep-ph]. [5] Paul AM Dirac. “The quantum theory of the electron”. In: Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 117.778 (1928), pp. 610–624. [6] Carl D. Anderson. “THE APPARENT EXISTENCE OF EASILY DEFLECTABLE POSITIVES”. In: Science 76.1967 (1932), pp. 238–239. ISSN: 0036-8075. DOI: 10.1126/science.76.1967.238. eprint: http://science.sciencemag. org/content/76/1967/238.full.pdf. URL: http://science. sciencemag.org/content/76/1967/238. [7] Gary Steigman. “Observational Tests of Antimatter Cosmologies”. In: Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 14.1 (1976), pp. 339–372. DOI: 10. 1146/annurev.aa.14.090176.002011. [8] R. Duperray et al. “Flux of Light Antimatter Nuclei Near Earth, Induced By Cosmic Rays in the Galaxy and in the Atmosphere”. In: Physical Review D 71.8 (2005), p. 083013. DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.71.083013. [9] Eric Carlson et al. “Antihelium From Dark Matter”. In: Physical Review D 89.7 (2014), p. 076005. DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.89.076005. [10] Marco Cirelli et al. “Anti-Helium From Dark Matter Annihilations”. In: Journal of High Energy Physics 2014.8 (2014), p. 9. DOI: 10.1007/jhep08(2014)009.0 [11] Y. Sato et al. “Measurement of the branching ratio of B → D ∗+ τ − ν τ relative to B → D ∗+ l − ν l decays with a semileptonic tagging method”. In: Phys. Rev. D 94 (7 Oct. 2016), p. 072007. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.94. 072007. URL: https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevD. 94.072007. [12] S. P. Ahlen et al. “Can We Detect Antimatter From Other Galaxies”. In: The Astrophysical Journal 260.nil (1982), p. 20. DOI: 10.1086/160228. [13] K. Abe et al. “Search for Antihelium with the BESS-Polar Spectrometer”. In: Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 (13 Mar. 2012), p. 131301. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett. 108.131301. URL: https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett. 108.131301. [14] J. Alcaraz et al. “Search for anti-helium in cosmic rays”. In: Phys. Lett. B461 (1999), pp. 387–396. DOI: 10.1016/S0370- 2693(99)00874- 6. arXiv: hep-ex/0002048 [hep-ex]. [15] A. G. Mayorov et al. “Upper Limit on the Antihelium Flux in Primary Cosmic Rays”. In: JETP Letters 93.11 (2011), pp. 628–631. DOI: 10.1134/s0021364011110087. [16] Andrei Kounine. “AMS Experiment on the International Space Station”. In: Proceedings, 32nd International Cosmic Ray Conference (ICRC 2011): Beijing, China, August 11-18, 2011. Vol. c, p. 5. DOI: 10.7529/ICRC2011/V12/ I02. URL: https://inspirehep.net/record/1352202/files/vc_ I02.pdf. [17] K. M. Belotsky et al. “Anti-helium flux as a signature for antimatter globular clusters in our Galaxy”. In: Physics of Atomic Nuclei 63.2 (Feb. 1, 2000), pp. 233–239. ISSN: 1562-692X. DOI: 10.1134/1.855627. [18] R. Battiston. “The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS): Search for Antimatter and Dark Matter on the International Space Station”. In: Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 65.1-3 (1998), pp. 19–26. DOI: 10.1016/ s0920-5632(97)00970-5. [19] A. Angelopoulos et al. “A Search for Narrow Lines in γ Spectra From Proton Anti-proton Annihilations at Rest”. In: Phys. Lett. B178 (1986), pp. 441– 446. DOI: 10.1016/0370-2693(86)91408-5. [20] Claude Amsler. “Proton-antiproton annihilation and meson spectroscopy with the Crystal Barrel”. In: Rev. Mod. Phys. 70 (4 Oct. 1998), pp. 1293–1339. DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.70.1293. URL: https://link.aps.org/ doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.70.1293. [21] W. L. Kraushaar et al. “High-Energy Cosmic Gamma-Ray Observations from the OSO-3 Satellite”. In: ApJ 177 (Nov. 1972), p. 341. DOI: 10.1086/151713. [22] Gary Steigman. “When Clusters Collide: Constraints On Antimatter On The Largest Scales”. In: CoRR (2008). arXiv: 0808 . 1122 [astro-ph]. URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/0808.1122v1. [23] A. C. Edge et al. “An X-Ray Flux-Limited Sample of Clusters of Galaxies Evidence for Evolution of the Luminosity Function”. In: MNRAS 245 (July 1990), p. 559. [24] O. Reimer et al. “Egret Upper Limits on the High‐energy Gamma‐ray Emission of Galaxy Clusters”. In: The Astrophysical Journal 588.1 (2003), pp. 155– 164. DOI: 10.1086/374046. [25] A. G. Cohen, A. De Rujula, and S. L. Glashow. “A Matter-Antimatter Universe?” In: CoRR (1997). arXiv: astro-ph/9707087 [astro-ph]. URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9707087v2. [26] G Weidenspointner et al. “The cosmic diffuse gamma-ray background measured with COMPTEL”. In: AIP Conference Proceedings. Vol. 510. 1. AIP. 2000, pp. 467–470. [27] Michael G. Hauser and Eli Dwek. “The Cosmic Infrared Background: Measurements and Implications”. In: Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 39.1 (2001), pp. 249–307. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.astro.39.1. 249. [28] Richard H. Cyburt et al. “Big bang nucleosynthesis: Present status”. In: Rev. Mod. Phys. 88 (1 Feb. 2016), p. 015004. DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys. 88.015004. URL: https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys. 88.015004. [29] O. Lahav and A. R Liddle. “The Cosmological Parameters 2010”. In: ArXiv e-prints (Feb. 2010). arXiv: 1002.3488 [astro-ph.CO]. [30] P. A. R. Ade et al. “Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters”. In: Astron. Astrophys. 594 (2016), A13. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201525830. arXiv: 1502.01589 [astro-ph.CO]. [31] C. Patrignani et al. “Review of Particle Physics”. In: Chin. Phys. C40.10 (2016), p. 100001. DOI: 10.1088/1674-1137/40/10/100001. [32] Laurent Canetti, Marco Drewes, and Mikhail Shaposhnikov. “Matter and antimatter in the universe”. In: New Journal of Physics 14.9 (2012), p. 095012. URL: http://stacks.iop.org/1367-2630/14/i=9/a=095012. [33] Gary Steigman and Robert J. Scherrer. “Is The Universal Matter - Antimatter Asymmetry Fine Tuned?” In: 2018. arXiv: 1801.10059 [astroph.CO]. URL: https://inspirehep.net/record/1651256/files/ arXiv:1801.10059.pdf. [34] Gordan Krnjaic. “Can the baryon asymmetry arise from initial conditions?” In: Phys. Rev. D 96 (3 Aug. 2017), p. 035041. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.96. 035041. URL: https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevD. 96.035041. [35] A. D. Sakharov. “Violation of CP Invariance, C asymmetry, and baryon asymmetry of the universe”. In: Pisma Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 5 (1967). [Usp. Fiz. Nauk161,no.5,61(1991)], pp. 32–35. DOI: 10.1070/PU1991v034n05ABEH002497. [36] Mark Trodden. “Electroweak baryogenesis”. In: Rev. Mod. Phys. 71 (5 Oct. 1999), pp. 1463–1500. DOI: 10.1103/RevModPhys.71.1463. URL: https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.71.1463. [37] V.A. Kuzmin, V.A. Rubakov, and M.E. Shaposhnikov. “On anomalous electroweak baryon-number non-conservation in the early universe”. In: Physics Letters B 155.1 (1985), pp. 36–42. ISSN: 0370-2693. DOI: 10 . 1016 / 0370 2693(85)91028-7. URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0370269385910287. [38] Richard P Feynman, Robert B Leighton, and Matthew Sands. The Feynman lectures on physics, Vol. I: definitive edition. Vol. 1. San Francisco: Pearson Addison Wesley, 2006, pp. 1–2. [39] Mark Thomson. Modern particle physics. Cambridge University Press, 2013. [40] Robert N Cahn and Gerson Goldhaber. The experimental foundations of particle physics. Cambridge University Press, 2009. [41] Edward W. Kolb and Michael S. Turner. “The Early Universe”. In: Front. Phys. 69 (1990), pp. 1–547. [42] Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa. “CP-Violation in the Renormalizable Theory of Weak Interaction”. In: Progress of Theoretical Physics 49.2 (1973), pp. 652–657. DOI: 10.1143/ptp.49.652. [43] Ulrich Nierste. “Three Lectures on Meson Mixing and CKM phenomenology”. In: Heavy quark physics. Proceedings, Helmholtz International School, HQP08, Dubna, Russia, August 11-21, 2008. 2009, pp. 1–38. arXiv: 0904.1869 [hepph]. URL: https://inspirehep.net/record/817820/files/ arXiv:0904.1869.pdf. [44] Makoto Kobayashi. “CP violation and three generations”. In: The Proceedings of the 27th SLAC Summer Institute on CP Violation: In and Beyond the Standard Model (SSI 1999) (1999). [45] T. Mannel. Effective Field Theories in Flavour Physics. Springer Tracts in Modern Physics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. DOI: 10.1007/b62268. [46] Ling-Lie Chau and Wai-Yee Keung. “Comments on the Parametrization of the Kobayashi-Maskawa Matrix”. In: Phys. Rev. Lett. 53 (19 Nov. 1984), pp. 1802–1805. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.53.1802. URL: https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.53.1802. [47] Lincoln Wolfenstein. “Parametrization of the Kobayashi-Maskawa Matrix”. In: Phys. Rev. Lett. 51 (21 Nov. 1983), pp. 1945–1947. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.51.1945. URL: https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.51.1945. [48] C. Jarlskog. “Commutator of the Quark Mass Matrices in the Standard Electroweak Model and a Measure of Maximal CP Nonconservation”. In: Phys. Rev. Lett. 55 (10 Sept. 1985), pp. 1039–1042. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.55.1039. URL: https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.55.1039. [49] M. E. Shaposhnikov. “Structure of the High Temperature Gauge Ground State and Electroweak Production of the Baryon Asymmetry”. In: Nucl. Phys. B299 (1988), pp. 797–817. DOI: 10.1016/0550-3213(88)903732. [50] Wei-Shu Hou. “Source of CP Violation for the Baryon Asymmetry of the Universe”. In: Chin. J. Phys. 47 (2009), p. 134. arXiv: 0803.1234[hepph]. [51] Michael E. Peskin. “Song of the Electroweak Penguin”. In: Nature 452.7185 (2008), pp. 293–294. DOI: 10.1038/452293a. [52] Glennys R. Farrar and M. E. Shaposhnikov. “Baryon Asymmetry of the Universe in the Standard Model”. In: CoRR (1993). arXiv: hep-ph/9305275[hep-ph]. URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9305275v2. [53] K. Kajantie et al. “Is there a hot electroweak phase transition at m(H) larger or equal to m(W)?” In: Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 (1996), pp. 2887–2890. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.2887. arXiv: hep-ph/9605288 [hep-ph]. [54] Antonio Riotto. “Theories of Baryogenesis”. In: CoRR (1998). arXiv: hepph / 9807454 [hep-ph]. URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/9807454v2. [55] Antonio Riotto and Mark Trodden. “Recentprogress Inbaryogenesis”. In: Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science 49.1 (1999), pp. 35–75. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.nucl.49.1.35. [56] Paoti Chang, Kai-Feng Chen, and Wei-Shu Hou. “Flavor physics and CP violation”. In: Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics 97 (2017), pp. 261–311. ISSN: 0146-6410. DOI: 10.1016/j.ppnp.2017.07.001. URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014664101730056X. [57] CKMfitter Group. Preliminary results as of Summer 2016. 2016. URL: http://ckmfitter.in2p3.fr/www/results/plots_ichep16/ckm_res_ichep16.html. [58] Gerhart Lüders. “Proof of the TCP theorem”. In: Annals of Physics 2.1 (1957), pp. 1–15. [59] C. B. Chiu and E. C. G. Sudarshan. “Decay and Evolution of the Neutral Kaon”. In: Physical Review D 42.11 (1990), pp. 3712–3723. DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.42.3712. [60] Ashton B. Carter and A. I. Sanda. “CP violation In B-Meson Decays”. In: Physical Review D 23.7 (1981), pp. 1567–1579. DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.23.1567. [61] Yuval Grossman. “Introduction To Flavor Physics”. In: CoRR (2010). arXiv: 1006.3534 [hep-ph]. URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/1006.3534v1. [62] S.W. Lin et al. “Difference in direct charge-parity violation between charged and neutral B meson decays”. In: Nature 452.7185 (2008), p. 332. DOI: 10.1038/nature06827. [63] Michael Gronau. “A precise sum rule among four B→Kπ CP asymmetries”. In: Physics Letters B 627.1 (2005), pp. 82–88. ISSN: 0370-2693. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2005.09.014. URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370269305013274. [64] I. Adachi et al. “Precise measurement of the CP violation parameter sin(2φ1 ) in B0 → (cc)K0 decays”. In: Phys. Rev. Lett. 108 (2012), p. 171802. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.171802. arXiv: 1201.4643 [hep-ex]. [65] Bernard Aubert et al. “Measurement of Time-Dependent CP Asymmetry in B0 —> c anti-c K(*)0 Decays”. In: Phys. Rev. D79 (2009), p. 072009. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.79.072009. arXiv: 0902.1708 [hep-ex]. [66] Robert Fleischer. “CP violation in the B system and relations to K —> pi nu anti-nu decays”. In: Phys. Rept. 370 (2002), pp. 537–680. DOI: 10.1016/S0370-1573(02)00274-0. arXiv: hep-ph/0207108 [hep-ph]. [67] K.-F. Chen et al. “Observation of Time-Dependent CP Violation in B 0 → ′ η K 0 Decays and Improved Measurements of CP Asymmetries in B 0 → φK 0 , K S 0 K S 0 K S 0 and B 0 → J /ψK 0 Decays”. In: Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 (3 Jan. 2007), p. 031802. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.031802. URL: https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.98.031802. [68] Robert Fleischer and Thomas Mannel. “Exploring new physics in the B → φK system”. In: Phys. Lett. B511 (2001), pp. 240–250. DOI: 10.1016/S03702693(01)00648-7. arXiv: hep-ph/0103121 [hep-ph]. [69] Y. Amhis et al. “Averages of b-hadron, c-hadron, and τ -lepton properties as of summer 2016”. In: Eur. Phys. J. C77.12 (2017), p. 895. DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-017-5058-4. arXiv: 1612.07233 [hep-ex]. [70] Joshua Ellis. “TikZ-Feynman: Feynman diagrams with TikZ”. In: Comput. Phys. Commun. 210 (2017), pp. 103–123. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpc.2016.08.019. arXiv: 1601.05437 [hep-ph]. [71] D. Besson and T. Skwarnicki. “υ spectroscopy”. In: Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 43 (1993), pp. 333–378. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.ns.43.120193.002001. [72] Rouven Essig et al. “Constraining Light Dark Matter with Low-Energy e+ e− Colliders”. In: JHEP 11 (2013), p. 167. DOI: 10.1007/JHEP11(2013)167. arXiv: 1309.5084 [hep-ph]. [73] T. Abe et al. “Belle II Technical Design Report”. In: CoRR (2010). arXiv: 1011.0352 [physics.ins-det]. URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/1011.0352v1. [74] Wolfgang Altmannshofer, Peter Stangl, and David M. Straub. “Interpreting Hints for Lepton Flavor Universality Violation”. In: Phys. Rev. D96.5 (2017), p. 055008. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.96.055008. arXiv: 1704.05435[hep-ph]. [75] Sneha Jaiswal, Soumitra Nandi, and Sunando Kumar Patra. “Extraction of |V cb | from B → D (∗) lν l and the Standard Model predictions of R(D (∗) )””. In: JHEP 12 (2017), p. 060. DOI: 10.1007/JHEP12(2017)060. arXiv: 1707.09977 [hep-ph]. [76] HFLAV. Average of R(D) and R(D*) for Summer 2018. 2018. URL: https://hflav-eos.web.cern.ch/hflav-eos/semi/summer18/RDRDs.html. [77] Marzia Bordone, Gino Isidori, and Andrea Pattori. “On the Standard Model predictions for R K and R K ∗”. In: Eur. Phys. J. C76.8 (2016), p. 440. DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-016-4274-7. arXiv: 1605.07633 [hepph]. [78] Roel Aaij et al. “Angular analysis of the B 0 → K ∗0 μ + μ − decay using 3 fb−1 of integrated luminosity”. In: JHEP 02 (2016), p. 104. DOI: 10.1007/JHEP02(2016)104. arXiv: 1512.04442 [hep-ex]. [79] C. Schwanda. “Charged Lepton Flavour Violation at Belle and Belle II”. In: Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 248-250 (2014). 1st Conference on Charged Lepton Flavor Violation, pp. 67–72. ISSN: 0920-5632. DOI: 10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2014.02.013. URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0920563214000140. [80] Hiroyuki Nakayama et al. “Small-Beta Collimation at SuperKEKB to Stop Beam-Gas Scattered Particles and to Avoid Transverse Mode Coupling Instability”. In: Conf. Proc. C1205201 (2012), pp. 1104–1106. [81] S Baird. Accelerators for pedestrians; rev. version. Tech. rep. AB-Note-2007014. CERN-AB-Note-2007-014. PS-OP-Note-95-17-Rev-2. CERN-PS-OP-Note95-17-Rev-2. Geneva: CERN, Feb. 2007. URL: http://cds.cern.ch/record/1017689. [82] E. Jensen. “RF Cavity Design”. In: CAS - CERN Accelerator School: Advanced Accelerator Physics Course: Trondheim, Norway, August 18-29, 2013. 2014, pp. 405–429. DOI: 10.5170/CERN-2014-009.405. arXiv: 1601.05230 [physics.accph]. URL: https://inspirehep.net/record/1416212/files/ arXiv:1601.05230.pdf. [83] T.P. Wangler. RF Linear Accelerators. Physics textbook. Wiley, 2008. ISBN: 9783527623433. [84] E.D. Courant and H.S. Snyder. “Theory of the Alternating-Gradient Synchrotron”. In: Annals of Physics 281.1-2 (2000), pp. 360–408. DOI: 10.1006/aphy.2000.6012. [85] Étienne Forest. Beam Dynamics: A New Attitude and Framework. Vol. 8. The Physics and Technology of Particle and Photon Beams. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Hardwood Academic / CRC Press, 1998. ISBN: 9789057025747. URL: http://www-spires.fnal.gov/spires/find/books/www?cl=QC793.3.B4F67::1998. [86] Y. Ohnishi et al. “Accelerator Design At Superkekb”. In: Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics 2013.3 (2013), 3A011–. DOI: 10.1093/ptep/pts083. [87] CAS CERN Accelerator School third general accelerator physics course. 2 volumes, consecutive pagination. CERN. Geneva: CERN, 1994. URL: https://cds.cern.ch/record/235242. [88] The SuperKEKB team. SuperKEKB Design Report. KEK, July 12, 2018. Chap. 7. URL: https://kds.kek.jp/indico/event/15914/contribution/6/material/0/0.pdf. [89] 古 川 和 朗 and 夏 井 拓 也. Injection to the SuperKEKB main rings with RF electron gun. June 28, 2016. URL: http://www2.kek.jp/accl/topics/topics160628.html. [90] Takako Miura et al. “Upgrade Status of Injector LINAC for SuperKEKB”. In: Proceedings, 5th International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC 2014): Dresden, Germany, June 15-20, 2014. 2014, MOPRO001. URL: http://jacow.org/IPAC2014/papers/mopro001.pdf. [91] T. Kobayashi et al. “LLRF contol and master oscillator system for damping ring at SuperKEKB”. In: Proceedings of IPAC2018. 2018. URL: http://ipac2018.vrws.de/papers/wepal001.pdf. [92] Alexander W. Chao and Weiren Chou, eds. Reviews of accelerator science and technology. Hackensack: World Scientific, 2014. ISBN: 9789814651486. URL: http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/9474. [93] Mikhail Zobov. “Crab Waist Collision Scheme: a Novel Approach for Particle Colliders”. In: CoRR (2016). arXiv: 1608.06150 [physics.acc-ph]. URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/1608.06150v1. [94] D. Cinabro and K. Korbiak. “Observation of the Hourglass Effect and Measurement of CESR Beam Parameters with CLEO”. In: (2000). [95] How to reach 40 times higher luminosity? Dec. 7, 2012. URL: https://kds.kek.jp/indico/event/11364/contribution/0/material/slides/0.pptx. [96] P. M. Lewis et al. “First Measurements of Beam Backgrounds At Superkekb”. In: CoRR (2018). arXiv: 1802.01366 [physics.ins-det]. URL: http://arxiv.org/abs/1802.01366v1. [97] Takuya Ishibashi, Yusuke Suetsugu, and Shinji Terui. “Low impedance movable collimators for SuperKEKB”. In: Proceedings, 8th International Particle Accelerator Conference (IPAC 2017): Copenhagen, Denmark, May 14-19, 2017. 2017, pp. 2929–2932. DOI: 10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2017-WEPIK009. URL: http://inspirehep.net/record/1626230/files/wepik009.pdf. [98] Dong Van Thanh et al. “The Performance of Belle II CDC with cosmic under 1.5T magnetic field”. The 2017 Autumn Meeting of The Physical Society of Japan. Sept. 2017. URL: https://kds.kek.jp/indico/event/25373/session/14/contribution/142/material/slides/0.pdf. [99] M. Nakao et al. “Minimizing Dead Time of the Belle II Data Acquisition System With Pipelined Trigger Flow Control”. In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 60.5 (Oct. 2013), pp. 3729–3734. ISSN: 0018-9499. DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2013.2264727. [100] S. Yamada et al. “Data Acquisition System for the Belle II Experiment”. In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 62.3 (June 2015), pp. 1175–1180. ISSN: 0018-9499. DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2015.2424717. [101] M.J. French et al. “Design and Results From the Apv25, a Deep Sub-Micron Cmos Front-End Chip for the Cms Tracker”. In: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 466.2 (2001), pp. 359–365. DOI: 10.1016/s01689002(01)00589-7. [102] Yoshihito Iwasaki et al. “Level 1 trigger system for the Belle II experiment”. In: IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 58 (2011), pp. 1807–1815. DOI: 10 . 1109/TNS.2011.2119329. [103] Yoshihito Iwasaki. “TRG Status and Schedule”. The 23rd B2GM. Feb. 2016. URL: https://kds.kek.jp/indico/event/20387/session/20/contribution/313/material/slides/0.pdf. [104] R Mankel. “Pattern recognition and event reconstruction in particle physics experiments”. In: Reports on Progress in Physics 67.4 (2004), p. 553. URL: http://stacks.iop.org/0034-4885/67/i=4/a=R03. [105] Neuhaus, Sara, Skambraks, Sebastian, and Kiesling, Christian. “Track vertex reconstruction with neural networks at the first level trigger of Belle II”. In: EPJ Web Conf. 150 (2017), p. 00009. DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201715000009. [106] KAI-YU CHEN. “Updated 2D Tracker TSIM Design for Central Drift Chamber(CDC) at Belle-II”. MA thesis. Fu Jen Catholic University, 2016. [107] Zheng-Xian Chen. “Update 2D Tracker Firmware Design for Central Drift Chamber at Belle-II”. MA thesis. Fu Jen Catholic University, 2016. [108] Sara Pohl. “Track reconstruction at the first level trigger of the Belle II experiment”. PhD thesis. Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Apr. 2018. URL: http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19220854. [109] Virtex-6 Family Overview. Version 2.5. Xilinx, Aug. 20, 2015. URL: https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/data_sheets/ds150.pdf. [110] “IEEE Standard VHDL Synthesis Packages”. In: IEEE Std 1076.3-1997 (June 1997), pp. 1–52. DOI: 10.1109/IEEESTD.1997.82399. [111] J.B. Kim and E. Won. “A software framework for pipelined arithmetic algorithms in field programmable gate arrays”. In: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 883 (2018), pp. 83–89. ISSN: 0168-9002. DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2017.11.064. URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900217312974. [112] Yun-Tsung Lai. “Search for D0 → ν ν̄ and B0 → pΛπ−γ decay at Belle, and Belle II CDCTRG system firmware design”. PhD thesis. Taipei, Taiwan, National Taiwan University, 2016. DOI: 10.6342/NTU201601179. URL: http://docs.belle2.org/record/442. [113] Yuji Kukimoto, Michel Berkelaar, and Karem Sakallah. “Static Timing Analysis”. In: Logic Synthesis and Verification. Ed. by Soha Hassoun. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. Chap. 15, pp. 373–401. ISBN: 978-1-4615-0817-5. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0817-5_14. [114] D Y Kim et al. “The simulation library of the Belle II software system”. In: Journal of Physics: Conference Series 898.4 (2017), p. 042043. URL: http://stacks.iop.org/1742-6596/898/i=4/a=042043. [115] Andreas Moll. “The Software Framework of the Belle II Experiment”. In: Journal of Physics: Conference Series 331.3 (2011), p. 032024. URL: http://stacks.iop.org/1742-6596/331/i=3/a=032024. [116] Tristan Gingold. “GHDL Homepage”. In: URL: http://ghdl.free.fr (2005). URL: http://ghdl.free.fr. [117] Xilinx UG371 Virtex-6 FPGA GTH Transceivers User Guide. Version 2.2. June 29, 2011. URL: https://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/user_guides/ug371.pdf. [118] Thomas Kuhr. “Belle II at the Start of Data Taking”. In: (July 2018). Presented at the CHEP2018 conference. [119] David N Brown, Eric A Charles, and Douglas A Roberts. “The BABAR track fitting algorithm”. In: Proceedings of CHEP. 2000. URL: http://rhiciiscience.bnl.gov/public/comp/reco/babar.ps. [120] C. J. CLOPPER and E. S. PEARSON. “The Use of Confidence Or Fiducial Limits Illustrated in the Case of the Binomial”. In: Biometrika 26.4 (1934), pp. 404–413. DOI: 10.1093/biomet/26.4.404. [121] Fritz Scholz. “Confidence Bounds & Intervals for Parameters Relating to the Binomial, Negative Binomial, Poisson and Hypergeometric Distributions”. In: (2008). URL: http://www.stat.washington.edu/fritz/DATAFILES498B2008/ConfidenceBounds.pdf. [122] Eungchun Cho, Moon Jung Cho, and John Eltinge. “The variance of sample variance from a finite population”. In: International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 21.3 (2005), p. 389. [123] P. J. E. Peebles and J. T. Yu. “Primeval Adiabatic Perturbation in an Expanding Universe”. In: ApJ 162 (Dec. 1970), p. 815. DOI: 10.1086/150713. [124] Hannu Kurki-Suonio. “Structure Formation”. In: Cosmology I+II lecture notes. 2015, pp. 131–178. URL: http://www.helsinki.fi/~hkurkisu/cpt/Cosmo11.pdf. [125] Wayne Hu and Martin J. White. “Acoustic signatures in the cosmic microwave background”. In: Astrophys. J. 471 (1996), pp. 30–51. DOI: 10.1086/177951. arXiv: astro-ph/9602019 [astro-ph]. [126] Hannu Kurki-Suonio. “Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy”. In: Cosmology I+II lecture notes. 2015, pp. 181–232. URL: http://www.helsinki.fi/~hkurkisu/cpt/Cosmo12.pdf. [127] Wayne Hu, Naoshi Sugiyama, and Joseph Silk. “The Physics of microwave background anisotropies”. In: Nature 386 (1997), pp. 37–43. DOI: 10.1038/386037a0. arXiv: astro-ph/9604166 [astro-ph]. [128] Wayne Hu and Scott Dodelson. “Cosmic microwave background anisotropies”. In: Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 40 (2002), pp. 171–216. DOI: 10.1146/annurev.astro.40.060401.093926. arXiv: astro-ph/0110414[astro-ph]. [129] David N. Schramm and Michael S. Turner. “Big-Bang Nucleosynthesis Enters the Precision Era”. In: Reviews of Modern Physics 70.1 (1998), pp. 303–318. DOI: 10.1103/revmodphys.70.303. [130] Viatcheslav F. Mukhanov. “Nucleosynthesis without a computer”. In: Int. J. Theor. Phys. 43 (2004), pp. 669–693. DOI: 10.1023/B:IJTP.0000048169.69609.77. arXiv: astro-ph/0303073 [astro-ph]. | |
dc.identifier.uri | http://tdr.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/123456789/1155 | - |
dc.description.abstract | 位處日本筑波的B介子工廠:KEKB正負電子加速器與Belle實驗,透過研究B介子衰變中,弱作用之電荷對稱宇稱破壞的現象,奠定了小林──益川理論的實驗基礎,並且促成2008年的諾貝爾物理獎。為了從稀有衰變中探究粒子物理標準模型以外的新物理,此工廠正升級為SuperKEKB加速器與Belle II實驗,將加速器瞬時亮度提升至8×10^35 cm^−2 s^−1(原先的40倍)。然而在Belle II偵測器中,資料擷取的速率上限僅為每秒3萬次,並不能紀錄新亮度之下所有的對撞事例。實際上,具研究價值的Υ介子、B介子及τ子等事例僅佔所有對撞事件的數個百分比。另外還有許多偵測器反應並非對撞事件,而是源自加速器中帶電粒子簇的散射、同步輻射、或是粒子與真空管線中殘餘空氣分子碰撞等背景雜訊。為了在資料擷取的速限之下盡可能紀錄所有珍貴的事例,Belle II實驗勢必得仰賴一套基於硬體的即時觸發系統,提供高效率、低延遲、無死區時間的事例判別,使資料擷取系統得以忽略背景事例,不至受到掣肘。
由於多數背景事例不會在碰撞點附近產生具高橫向動量的帶電粒子,這樣的粒子便成為判別背景事例的關鍵。因此,Belle II實驗將帶電粒子軌跡觸發器重新改造,以因應加速器亮度提升。在高能加速器實驗中,透過辨認帶電粒子通過偵測器時,在數十處感應線留下的電流訊號,我們得以重建帶電粒子的空間軌跡。由於偵測器內通有縱向磁場,我們亦可藉螺旋軌跡推知粒子的動量。掌握帶電粒子的數量、動量等資訊,並輔以量能器能量團與帶電粒子軌跡的空間對應關係,便能輕易地區分目標事例與背景事例的差別。 帶電粒子留下的電流訊號經過數位化後成為擊打訊號,輸入至軌跡觸發器。軌跡觸發器首先將偵測器中相鄰的擊打訊號組成區段擊打訊號。每個帶電粒子軌跡由最多9層的區段擊打訊號所組成,其中5層包含了三維的粒子螺旋軌跡在偵測器橫段面上所投影出的二維圓弧軌跡訊號。這5層訊號的幾合位置透過共形變換以及霍夫變換後,在軌跡參數空間中形成許多三角函數曲線。藉由尋找參數空間中4條以上來自不同層的曲線交點,可知幾何空間中四層以上共圓弧的區段擊打訊號,與該圓弧所對應的粒子橫向動量之大小及方向。將橫向動量與剩餘四層包含粒子螺旋軌跡縱向資訊的區段擊打訊號結合後,即可推知完整的三維軌跡。 前述尋找區段擊打訊號、尋找二維軌跡及尋找三維軌跡的步驟皆由各別的硬體模組所實現。另外,軌跡觸發器還包含了整合最前端感應線擊打訊號的模組。各模組之間由光纖傳輸連接。本論文著重於將上述由二維區段擊打訊號尋找二維軌跡的演算法,以現場可程式化邏輯閘陣列實現。實現後的邏輯延遲為11個時脈周期(相當於350奈秒,不包含傳輸所需的延遲)。透過測量宇宙射線事例,並與更精密的軟體軌跡重建方法比較後,我們推估對於所有橫向動量在0.5GeV以上、與碰撞點徑向距離小於1公分、含有4個以上區段擊打訊號、並且不受前端模組錯誤影響的所有軌跡,二維軌跡尋找效率在一個標準差之下的信心區間完全落在98%以上。 本論文同時紀錄了二維軌跡擬合的實現方法。這個方法利用軌跡偵測器中由高能帶電粒子碰撞氣體分子游離出的電子,以及由該電子游離出的次級電子在電場中的的飄移速度,通過測量飄移時間,推算出更精確的軌跡區段擊打位置,並且以最小平方法擬合得出更精密的二維軌跡。由於這個步驟將會併至更後端的三維軌跡擬合模組中實現,並且包含大量需藉由查表實現的運算步驟,因此在不喪失計算精確度的前提下降低記憶體用量便成為最大的挑戰。我們發展了複和式的查表方法,並利用三角函數的對稱性減低記憶體用量。另外,本論文也包含數項對建立光纖傳輸資料流穩定性的改善。尤其透過以特定時間間隔重置位於晶片同一側的光纖收發器,我們得以在更高的傳輸速率下提升建立傳輸資料流的穩定性。 | zh_TW |
dc.description.abstract | The Belle experiment at the KEKB collider in Tsukuba, Japan is a B meson factory designed to operate at a center-of-mass energy of 10.58 GeV, the mass value of Υ(4S). It is undergoing an upgrade that will boost its instantaneous luminosity to 8×10^35 cm^−2 s^−1 (40 times higher than before), whereas the maximum acceptable event rate for the data acquisition system is only 30kHz. Most of the detector responses arise from the scattered particles with other particles in the accelerated bunch, or with the residual gas molecules in the vacuum beam pipe. Furthermore, only a few percent of the total number of e+ e− collisions correspond to Υ, B or τ events. The rest are considered backgrounds and must be either suppressed or prescaled in real time without losing too many signal events. To achieve this goal, a hardware-based online trigger system with good background suppression, high efficiency, low latency and no dead time is indispensable.
In experimental particle physics, tracking refers to the pattern recognition process that searches for the trajectories of charged particles by analyzing the traces they leave on the detector. Once the trajectory, or the track, is reconstructed, the momentum and the charge is also determined. High-precision tracking provides crucial information for telling signals from backgrounds, since most background events don't produce charged particles with enough transverse momenta near the collision point. As a result, the track trigger in Belle II is redesigned to accommodate the dramatic increase of luminosity and background rate. The track trigger starts from relating adjacent wire hits in space and in time from a drift chamber, grouping them into maximally 9 segments of a track. Out of the 9 segment hits, 5 are groups of sense wires parallel to the beam axis, and thus their positions contain information of the track projected onto the 2-dimensional plane perpendicular to the beam axis. The track trigger then detects the coincidence of several axial track segments by transforming their radial and angular positions to a parameter space with a conformal map followed by a Hough map, and looking for their intersections there. Each segment in one layer of the detector cylinder contributing to the track is extracted. Afterwards, it fits these positions with the drift length, and reconstructs the track's projection in the plane perpendicular to the beam axis. Finally, by combining the 2D track information with the remaining track segments which contains the information of longitudinal position, the vertex position along the beam axis is reconstructed. Each of these steps is a separate module in the track trigger system. This thesis focus on implementing the steps of finding and reconstructing the 2D track using an algorithm developed by our collaborator. The 2D tracker module is implemented on 4 printed circuit boards with field programmable gate array (FPGA) and 10 Gbps optical I/O connection to both upstream and downstream modules. It has a latency of 11 data clocks (352 ns) excluding the transmission time. The lower bound of the 1-σ confidence interval of its tracking efficiency is measured to be more than 98% for cosmic ray tracks with radial impact parameters smaller than 1 cm, pt > 0.5 GeV, with at least 4 track segment hits, and coming from regions with expected track segment finding efficiency. This thesis also outlines the implementation of the 2D fitter, which involves fitting an arc to the positions of the axial track segment hits corrected by their drift lengths. As the fitting contains many fixed-point arithmetic operations implemented as look-up tables, it is crucial to reduce the usage of the block RAM while maintaining similar arithmetic precision. Composite look-up tables, which increase the precision in the worst-performing part of the arithmetic function's range by sacrificing the unnecessary precision in other parts, are developed to meet the requirement. Lastly, several improvements are made to stabilize the buildup process of the optical transmission data flow. In particular, an automatic way to reset different optical transceivers on the same side of the die, separated with an adjustable time interval, is tested to make the buildup more stable at the full 10 Gbps lane rate. | en |
dc.description.provenance | Made available in DSpace on 2021-05-12T09:33:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ntu-107-R03222052-1.pdf: 9827237 bytes, checksum: f3561136235e304a8571212017e2eb0c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018 | en |
dc.description.tableofcontents | 誌謝 iii
Acknowledgements v 摘要 vii Abstract xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 A matter-antimatter asymmetric universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1.1 Current situation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1.2 Degree of the asymmetry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.1.3 Against a symmetric Universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.2 CP violation in the Standard Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.2.1 Quark flavor mixing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.3 B-meson decays as probes for new physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.3.1 CP violation and neutral B meson mixing . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1.3.2 CP violation observable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 1.3.3 Highlight of the recent B measurements . . . . . . . . . . . 34 1.4 The Belle II Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 1.4.1 Distinctiveness of an e+ e− machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 1.4.2 The Belle II detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 1.4.3 The SuperKEKB accelerator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2 The Level 1 Trigger in Belle II 43 2.1 Accelerator reviewed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2.1.1 RF acceleration and beam dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2.1.2 Main structure of the accelerator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 2.1.3 The nano-beam scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 2.2 Beam background source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 2.3 Event rate at Belle II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 2.4 Data acquisition in Belle II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 2.5 Requirements of Level 1 Trigger System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 2.5.1 Event time decision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 2.5.2 Requirements from the FEE and the DAQ system . . . . . . 60 2.6 Structure of the Level 1 Trigger System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 2.7 The track trigger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 2.7.1 A closer look at the tracking detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 2.7.2 Track reconstruction at the first level trigger . . . . . . . . . 65 2.7.3 The Track Segment Finder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 2.7.4 The 2-dimensional (2D) tracker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 3 High level algorithm 73 3.1 The 2D finder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 3.1.1 Input and output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 3.1.2 Conformal mapping and Hough mapping . . . . . . . . . . 74 3.1.3 Discretization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 3.1.4 Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 3.1.5 Peak finding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 3.2 The 2D selector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 3.3 The 2D fitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 3.3.1 The 2D fitter with drift time information . . . . . . . . . . . 82 3.3.2 Principle of the 2D fitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 3.3.3 Treatment of the priority position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 4 Implementation 87 4.1 Hardware specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 4.1.1 Field programmable gate array . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 4.1.2 The printed circuit board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 4.1.3 Clock signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 4.1.4 Parallelism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 4.2 I/O definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 4.3 Decoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 4.4 Persistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 4.4.1 Timing clones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 4.5 Finder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 4.5.1 Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 4.5.2 Voting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 4.5.3 Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 4.5.4 Peak Finding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 4.6 Selector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 4.6.1 Track parameter extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 4.6.2 TS association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 4.6.3 Persistence suppression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 4.7 Hierarchical view of the core logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 4.7.1 Core logic latency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 4.8 Fitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 4.8.1 Representation of numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 4.8.2 Numerical operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 4.8.3 Design of the 2D fitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 4.8.4 LUT functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 4.8.5 Numerical error of the 2D fitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 4.9 Common FPGA modules in the UT3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 4.9.1 VME interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 4.9.2 GTH optical I/O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 4.9.3 Belle2Link interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 4.10 Implementing an FPGA design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 4.10.1 Timing closure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 5 Validation 129 5.1 Fast trigger software simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 5.1.1 Efficiency and resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 5.2 HDL simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 5.3 Local cosmic ray test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 5.3.1 Testing condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 5.3.2 Output of the 2D tracker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 5.4 Global cosmic ray test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 5.4.1 Performance in the Global Cosmic Ray Test 1 . . . . . . . . . 141 5.4.2 Performance in the Global Cosmic Ray Test 2 . . . . . . . . . 143 6 Resetting the High-speed optical transmission 155 6.1 Start-up instability of the full-speed GTH transmission . . . . . . . 156 6.1.1 Problem in the reset sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 6.1.2 Coupling between different GTH quads . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 6.2 New reset for the full-speed GTH transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 7 Conclusion 163 7.1 Open issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 7.2 Prospect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 A Track trajectory parameterization 167 B Estimation of the statistical uncertainty 169 B.1 Uncertainty of the efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 B.2 Uncertainty of the resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 C Change of the 2D tracker parameters 173 D Measurements of the baryon–antibaryon asymmetry 175 D.1 Acoustic peaks in the CMB anisotropies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 D.2 Light element abundance of Big Bang Nucleosynthesis . . . . . . . 180 Bibliography 185 | |
dc.language.iso | en | |
dc.title | Belle II 實驗第一級觸發器中二維軌跡探測器之實現 | zh_TW |
dc.title | Implementing the 2D track reconstruction for the Level 1 trigger of the Belle II experiment | en |
dc.type | Thesis | |
dc.date.schoolyear | 106-2 | |
dc.description.degree | 碩士 | |
dc.contributor.oralexamcommittee | 張敏娟,王名儒,徐靜戈,王正祥 | |
dc.subject.keyword | Belle II 實驗,模式辨認,粒子軌跡,CP 破壞,觸發器,現場可程式化邏輯閘陣列, | zh_TW |
dc.subject.keyword | Belle II,tracking,CP violation,trigger,FPGA, | en |
dc.relation.page | 200 | |
dc.identifier.doi | 10.6342/NTU201802022 | |
dc.rights.note | 同意授權(全球公開) | |
dc.date.accepted | 2018-07-30 | |
dc.contributor.author-college | 理學院 | zh_TW |
dc.contributor.author-dept | 物理學研究所 | zh_TW |
顯示於系所單位: | 物理學系 |
文件中的檔案:
檔案 | 大小 | 格式 | |
---|---|---|---|
ntu-107-1.pdf | 9.6 MB | Adobe PDF | 檢視/開啟 |
系統中的文件,除了特別指名其著作權條款之外,均受到著作權保護,並且保留所有的權利。