口頭質詢監督強度與情感分析：以高雄市第三屆市議員為例

Abstract

口頭質詢經常受到媒體關注，也因此常被選民視為評價議員問政表現的重要依據。然而，既有質詢研究多聚焦於國會層級，並主要以議員質詢的問題數量作為分析對象；目前國內外對地方議會層級議員的探討相對匱乏，對質詢強度的分析亦較為少見。有鑑於此，本文以臺灣一個地方議會為個案，分析影響議員口頭質詢行為的因素。具體而言，本文想要探討的是：哪些因素會影響高雄市議員質詢提問的數量、質詢內容的強度，以及質詢時的情緒態度。 本文以第三屆高雄市議會（2018–2022）作為個案研究對象。該屆期前兩會期由國民黨籍市長韓國瑜執政，其後韓國瑜遭罷免，由民進黨籍陳其邁經補選當選並接任市政。此一政權更迭，使該屆期內罕見地同時出現不同政黨籍市長與同一批議員共存的情形，提供了難得的比較基礎。在研究方法上，本文首先將每位議員在市政總質詢的質詢稿以人工方式，依問題主題的差異進行區分，藉此計算每位議員於各會期中的問題數量。在質詢強度的部分，本文使用Maricut-Akbik（2021）的分類架構，將議員質詢內容依強度由低至高區分為四類：要求提供資訊、要求說明或解釋決策、要求改變政策或行動，以及威脅、譴責與制裁。在情緒態度的分析上，本文採用中央研究院開發的擴增版意見詞典（ANTUSD）以及大語言模型進行情感分析，並檢視不同政黨議員質詢提問之情緒態度的影響因素。 研究結果顯示，在野黨議員的監督強度顯著高於執政黨議員，且質詢時的情緒態度亦傾向較為負面。市長更替後，泛藍與泛綠議員在涉及威脅譴責的問題數量及情緒態度上，均出現明顯轉變，反映出朝野角色互換對議員問政風格的影響。此外，女性議員在質詢問題數量與監督強度上皆高於男性議員，但其情緒態度則相對正面，顯示女性議員的問政方式雖較為批判，但語氣卻未必更為激烈。就選區因素而言，選區位於原高雄縣者，其監督強度高於選區位於原高雄市者。

Oral questioning frequently attracts media attention and is consequently often regarded by voters as an important criterion for evaluating legislators’ performance. However, existing research on legislative questioning has largely focused on the national level, primarily analyzing the number of questions raised by legislators. Studies examining legislators at the local level remain scarce, and research on questioning intensity are similarly limited. To address this gap, this paper takes a Taiwanese city council as a case study to analyze the factors influencing councilors' oral questioning behavior. Specifically, this paper seeks to examine which factors influence the number of questions raised by city councilors, the level of intensity of their questions, and the emotional tone of their questioning. This paper uses the 3rd Kaohsiung City Council (2018–2022) as a case study. During the first two sessions of this term, the city government was led by Kuomintang (KMT) Mayor Han Kuo-yu, who was recalled less than two years after taking office. Following Han's recall, Chen Chi-mai of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) won the subsequent by-election and assumed the mayorship for the rest of the term. This political transition thus featured a rare scenario where the same cohort of councilors faced mayors from different political parties, offering a valuable basis for comparison. In terms of methodology, this paper first manually coded each councilor's transcripts from general questioning sessions, distinguishing questions based on differences in subject matter, in order to calculate the number of questions raised by each councilor within each session. For questioning intensity, this paper adopts the classification framework from Maricut-Akbik (2021), which categorizes the content of councilors' questions into four levels of intensity, from low to high：requests for information, requests for explanation or justification of decisions, demands for policy action or change in action, and threats of condemnation or sanction. For the analysis of emotional tone, this paper employs the Augmented NTU Sentiment Dictionary (ANTUSD), developed by Academia Sinica, together with a large language model, to conduct sentiment analysis and examine the factors influencing the emotional tone of councilors' questions across different political parties. The findings of this research suggests that opposition councilors exhibit significantly higher oversight intensity than ruling-party councilors, and their emotional tone during questioning tends to be more negative. Following the change in mayor, both pro-KMT and pro-DPP councilors showed marked shifts in the number of questions involving threats and condemnation, as well as in emotional tone, reflecting the impact of the reversal of ruling and opposition roles on councilors' questioning styles. In addition, female councilors scored higher than male councilors in both the number of questions raised and the intensity of oversight, yet displayed a comparatively more positive emotional tone. This suggests that while female councilors' questioning behavior is more critical, their tone is not necessarily more confrontational. With respect to electoral district, councilors representing districts in the former Kaohsiung County exhibit higher oversight intensity than those representing districts in the former Kaohsiung City.