臺灣日治時期關於孔子的「關鍵詞」研究： 孔廟、孔教與孔子形象論

Abstract

臺灣於1895年納入日本帝國版圖，在政治與文化上迎來前所未有的變革。時人如何藉由重述「孔子」，以維護既有之傳統價值、甚至加入個人的詮釋意圖，便相當值得探討。本文從儒學諸面向中，擇出「孔廟」、「孔教」與「孔子形象」為關鍵議題，分別可對應空間、思想與典範，並參酌後殖民理論中的交混、報刊研究、關鍵詞搜尋與話語等方法視角，希冀能梳理出日治時期孔子相關論述的核心概念。 首先，孔廟作為孔聖的棲身處，此空間除了凝聚傳統士紳的文化向心力外，同時象徵了中華帝國的權威與儒家系譜的神聖性，過往並未向外對大眾開放。到了日治時期，孔廟在外來政治的作用力下，面臨或拆除或修建、挪作他用的命運，有別於明清時期僅用來舉行釋奠的單一用途，呈現了日常與世俗的一面。此外，藉由文人共同書寫孔廟、臺人受邀到東京湯島聖堂參與祭孔云云，皆可見孔廟如何連結臺日兩地、以及此空間如何承載了殖民政治發展的縮影。 再者，當時臺灣受現代化的影響，文人為了要維護傳統文化，選擇走入大眾之中舉辦孔道宣講，同時也受到不同知識群體的抨擊。又，臺灣與日本之間，因共同具備漢學素養，在語言思想上有嫁接的可能性。而孔教作為時人論述的話語之一，正好折射出了新舊文化的紛爭、臺日間的同化意圖與交混現象，是理解日治臺灣思想場域相當重要的關鍵詞。 最後，孔子形象所代表的意義，其實是特定時空背景下，群體對於當前處境的認知與回應方式。因此日治時期的孔子形象，常與東洋、世界、殖民∕反殖民、現代等語彙交疊，映射出不同的面貌。而時人如何塑造聖人形象，也涉及知識典範的生成過程。透過孔子的多重面貌，就有不同看待日治臺灣的方式。 總結而言，爬梳日治臺灣與孔子相關的議題以及關鍵詞彙後，主要可以得出三種面向：「東∕西洋與新∕舊學的衝擊」、「神聖性、日常化與世俗化的辯證」、「殖民下的同化意圖與交混話語」。並在帝國殖民政治兼以歐風東漸的雙重影響下，看見臺人肆應時代的姿態、以及和殖民者之間的斡旋關係。

In 1895, Taiwan became part of the Japanese Empire, bringing major changes to its political and cultural life. How people at the time reinterpreted Confucius in order to preserve traditional values, while also adding their own interpretations, is an important question. This article examines three key aspects of Confucian learning: Confucian temples, Kongjiao (孔教), and the image of Confucius. These three aspects correspond to space, thought, and intellectual paradigms. Drawing on the idea of hybridity in postcolonial theory, as well as newspaper research, keyword analysis, and discourse analysis, this article examines the key concepts found in discussions of Confucius during the Japanese colonial period. First, Confucian temples were places associated with Confucius. They brought together the cultural interests of the traditional gentry and also represented the authority of the Chinese empire and the sacred nature of the Confucian tradition. In earlier periods, these temples were generally not open to the public. During the Japanese colonial period, however, some temples were demolished, rebuilt, or used for other purposes. Unlike the Ming and Qing periods, when Confucian temples were mainly used for Confucian rituals, they took on more everyday and secular functions in colonial Taiwan. Writings by Taiwanese literati about Confucian temples, as well as their invitations to attend Confucian rituals at the Yushima Seidō in Tokyo, also show how these spaces connected Taiwan and Japan and reflected changes in colonial politics. Second, as Taiwan became more modern, some literati sought to protect traditional culture by giving public lectures on Confucian teachings. These efforts also faced criticism from different groups of intellectuals. Taiwan and Japan shared a background in classical Chinese learning, which allowed ideas to be connected across language and thought. Kongjiao was one of the terms used to discuss these issues. It reflected conflicts between old and new cultures, efforts to assimilate Taiwan into Japan, and forms of cultural hybridity between Taiwan and Japan. Kongjiao is therefore an important keyword for understanding thought and culture in colonial Taiwan. Finally, the meaning of the image of Confucius depended on how different groups understood and responded to their own time. During the Japanese colonial period, images of Confucius were often linked to ideas such as the East, the world, colonialism and anti-colonialism, and modernity. These different images also show how people understood Confucius in different ways. The making of these images was closely related to the formation of intellectual paradigms and ideals. Looking at the different images of Confucius therefore offers different ways of understanding colonial Taiwan. In conclusion, an examination of the discussions and keywords related to Confucius in colonial Taiwan reveals three main themes: the encounter between East and West and between new and old learning; the tension between the sacred, everyday life, and the secular; and discourses of colonial assimilation and cultural hybridity. Under the influence of both Japanese colonial rule and the spread of Western ideas, these discussions show how Taiwanese people responded to the changes of their time and negotiated their relationship with the colonial authorities.